Python 2.6.5 (r265:79063, Apr 16 2010, 13:09:56) [GCC 4.4.3] on linux2 Type "copyright", "credits" or "license()" for more information. **************************************************************** Personal firewall software may warn about the connection IDLE makes to its subprocess using this computer's internal loopback interface. This connection is not visible on any external interface and no data is sent to or received from the Internet. **************************************************************** IDLE 2.6.5 >>> dir() File "", line 1 dir() ^ IndentationError: unexpected indent >>> dir() ['__builtins__', '__doc__', '__name__', '__package__'] >>> dir(__builtins__) ['ArithmeticError', 'AssertionError', 'AttributeError', 'BaseException', 'BufferError', 'BytesWarning', 'DeprecationWarning', 'EOFError', 'Ellipsis', 'EnvironmentError', 'Exception', 'False', 'FloatingPointError', 'FutureWarning', 'GeneratorExit', 'IOError', 'ImportError', 'ImportWarning', 'IndentationError', 'IndexError', 'KeyError', 'KeyboardInterrupt', 'LookupError', 'MemoryError', 'NameError', 'None', 'NotImplemented', 'NotImplementedError', 'OSError', 'OverflowError', 'PendingDeprecationWarning', 'ReferenceError', 'RuntimeError', 'RuntimeWarning', 'StandardError', 'StopIteration', 'SyntaxError', 'SyntaxWarning', 'SystemError', 'SystemExit', 'TabError', 'True', 'TypeError', 'UnboundLocalError', 'UnicodeDecodeError', 'UnicodeEncodeError', 'UnicodeError', 'UnicodeTranslateError', 'UnicodeWarning', 'UserWarning', 'ValueError', 'Warning', 'ZeroDivisionError', '_', '__debug__', '__doc__', '__import__', '__name__', '__package__', 'abs', 'all', 'any', 'apply', 'basestring', 'bin', 'bool', 'buffer', 'bytearray', 'bytes', 'callable', 'chr', 'classmethod', 'cmp', 'coerce', 'compile', 'complex', 'copyright', 'credits', 'delattr', 'dict', 'dir', 'divmod', 'enumerate', 'eval', 'execfile', 'exit', 'file', 'filter', 'float', 'format', 'frozenset', 'getattr', 'globals', 'hasattr', 'hash', 'help', 'hex', 'id', 'input', 'int', 'intern', 'isinstance', 'issubclass', 'iter', 'len', 'license', 'list', 'locals', 'long', 'map', 'max', 'min', 'next', 'object', 'oct', 'open', 'ord', 'pow', 'print', 'property', 'quit', 'range', 'raw_input', 'reduce', 'reload', 'repr', 'reversed', 'round', 'set', 'setattr', 'slice', 'sorted', 'staticmethod', 'str', 'sum', 'super', 'tuple', 'type', 'unichr', 'unicode', 'vars', 'xrange', 'zip'] >>> help(__builtins__) Help on built-in module __builtin__: NAME __builtin__ - Built-in functions, exceptions, and other objects. FILE (built-in) DESCRIPTION Noteworthy: None is the `nil' object; Ellipsis represents `...' in slices. CLASSES object basestring str str unicode buffer bytearray classmethod complex dict enumerate file float frozenset int bool list long property reversed set slice staticmethod super tuple type xrange class basestring(object) | Type basestring cannot be instantiated; it is the base for str and unicode. | | Data and other attributes defined here: | | __new__ = | T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T class bool(int) | bool(x) -> bool | | Returns True when the argument x is true, False otherwise. | The builtins True and False are the only two instances of the class bool. | The class bool is a subclass of the class int, and cannot be subclassed. | | Method resolution order: | bool | int | object | | Methods defined here: | | __and__(...) | x.__and__(y) <==> x&y | | __or__(...) | x.__or__(y) <==> x|y | | __rand__(...) | x.__rand__(y) <==> y&x | | __repr__(...) | x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) | | __ror__(...) | x.__ror__(y) <==> y|x | | __rxor__(...) | x.__rxor__(y) <==> y^x | | __str__(...) | x.__str__() <==> str(x) | | __xor__(...) | x.__xor__(y) <==> x^y | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data and other attributes defined here: | | __new__ = | T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Methods inherited from int: | | __abs__(...) | x.__abs__() <==> abs(x) | | __add__(...) | x.__add__(y) <==> x+y | | __cmp__(...) | x.__cmp__(y) <==> cmp(x,y) | | __coerce__(...) | x.__coerce__(y) <==> coerce(x, y) | | __div__(...) | x.__div__(y) <==> x/y | | __divmod__(...) | x.__divmod__(y) <==> divmod(x, y) | | __float__(...) | x.__float__() <==> float(x) | | __floordiv__(...) | x.__floordiv__(y) <==> x//y | | __format__(...) | | __getattribute__(...) | x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name | | __getnewargs__(...) | | __hash__(...) | x.__hash__() <==> hash(x) | | __hex__(...) | x.__hex__() <==> hex(x) | | __index__(...) | x[y:z] <==> x[y.__index__():z.__index__()] | | __int__(...) | x.__int__() <==> int(x) | | __invert__(...) | x.__invert__() <==> ~x | | __long__(...) | x.__long__() <==> long(x) | | __lshift__(...) | x.__lshift__(y) <==> x< x%y | | __mul__(...) | x.__mul__(y) <==> x*y | | __neg__(...) | x.__neg__() <==> -x | | __nonzero__(...) | x.__nonzero__() <==> x != 0 | | __oct__(...) | x.__oct__() <==> oct(x) | | __pos__(...) | x.__pos__() <==> +x | | __pow__(...) | x.__pow__(y[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z]) | | __radd__(...) | x.__radd__(y) <==> y+x | | __rdiv__(...) | x.__rdiv__(y) <==> y/x | | __rdivmod__(...) | x.__rdivmod__(y) <==> divmod(y, x) | | __rfloordiv__(...) | x.__rfloordiv__(y) <==> y//x | | __rlshift__(...) | x.__rlshift__(y) <==> y< y%x | | __rmul__(...) | x.__rmul__(y) <==> y*x | | __rpow__(...) | y.__rpow__(x[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z]) | | __rrshift__(...) | x.__rrshift__(y) <==> y>>x | | __rshift__(...) | x.__rshift__(y) <==> x>>y | | __rsub__(...) | x.__rsub__(y) <==> y-x | | __rtruediv__(...) | x.__rtruediv__(y) <==> y/x | | __sub__(...) | x.__sub__(y) <==> x-y | | __truediv__(...) | x.__truediv__(y) <==> x/y | | __trunc__(...) | Truncating an Integral returns itself. | | conjugate(...) | Returns self, the complex conjugate of any int. | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data descriptors inherited from int: | | denominator | the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms | | imag | the imaginary part of a complex number | | numerator | the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms | | real | the real part of a complex number class buffer(object) | buffer(object [, offset[, size]]) | | Create a new buffer object which references the given object. | The buffer will reference a slice of the target object from the | start of the object (or at the specified offset). The slice will | extend to the end of the target object (or with the specified size). | | Methods defined here: | | __add__(...) | x.__add__(y) <==> x+y | | __cmp__(...) | x.__cmp__(y) <==> cmp(x,y) | | __delitem__(...) | x.__delitem__(y) <==> del x[y] | | __delslice__(...) | x.__delslice__(i, j) <==> del x[i:j] | | Use of negative indices is not supported. | | __getattribute__(...) | x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name | | __getitem__(...) | x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] | | __getslice__(...) | x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j] | | Use of negative indices is not supported. | | __hash__(...) | x.__hash__() <==> hash(x) | | __len__(...) | x.__len__() <==> len(x) | | __mul__(...) | x.__mul__(n) <==> x*n | | __repr__(...) | x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) | | __rmul__(...) | x.__rmul__(n) <==> n*x | | __setitem__(...) | x.__setitem__(i, y) <==> x[i]=y | | __setslice__(...) | x.__setslice__(i, j, y) <==> x[i:j]=y | | Use of negative indices is not supported. | | __str__(...) | x.__str__() <==> str(x) | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data and other attributes defined here: | | __new__ = | T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T class bytearray(object) | bytearray(iterable_of_ints) -> bytearray. | bytearray(string, encoding[, errors]) -> bytearray. | bytearray(bytes_or_bytearray) -> mutable copy of bytes_or_bytearray. | bytearray(memory_view) -> bytearray. | | Construct an mutable bytearray object from: | - an iterable yielding integers in range(256) | - a text string encoded using the specified encoding | - a bytes or a bytearray object | - any object implementing the buffer API. | | bytearray(int) -> bytearray. | | Construct a zero-initialized bytearray of the given length. | | Methods defined here: | | __add__(...) | x.__add__(y) <==> x+y | | __alloc__(...) | B.__alloc__() -> int | | Returns the number of bytes actually allocated. | | __contains__(...) | x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x | | __delitem__(...) | x.__delitem__(y) <==> del x[y] | | __eq__(...) | x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y | | __ge__(...) | x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y | | __getattribute__(...) | x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name | | __getitem__(...) | x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] | | __gt__(...) | x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y | | __iadd__(...) | x.__iadd__(y) <==> x+=y | | __imul__(...) | x.__imul__(y) <==> x*=y | | __init__(...) | x.__init__(...) initializes x; see x.__class__.__doc__ for signature | | __iter__(...) | x.__iter__() <==> iter(x) | | __le__(...) | x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y | | __len__(...) | x.__len__() <==> len(x) | | __lt__(...) | x.__lt__(y) <==> x x*n | | __ne__(...) | x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y | | __reduce__(...) | Return state information for pickling. | | __repr__(...) | x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) | | __rmul__(...) | x.__rmul__(n) <==> n*x | | __setitem__(...) | x.__setitem__(i, y) <==> x[i]=y | | __sizeof__(...) | B.__sizeof__() -> int | | Returns the size of B in memory, in bytes | | __str__(...) | x.__str__() <==> str(x) | | append(...) | B.append(int) -> None | | Append a single item to the end of B. | | capitalize(...) | B.capitalize() -> copy of B | | Return a copy of B with only its first character capitalized (ASCII). | | center(...) | B.center(width[, fillchar]) -> copy of B | | Return B centered in a string of length width. Padding is | done using the specified fill character (default is a space). | | count(...) | B.count(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int | | Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of subsection sub in | bytes B[start:end]. Optional arguments start and end are interpreted | as in slice notation. | | decode(...) | B.decode([encoding[, errors]]) -> unicode object. | | Decodes B using the codec registered for encoding. encoding defaults | to the default encoding. errors may be given to set a different error | handling scheme. Default is 'strict' meaning that encoding errors raise | a UnicodeDecodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore' and 'replace' | as well as any other name registered with codecs.register_error that is | able to handle UnicodeDecodeErrors. | | endswith(...) | B.endswith(suffix [,start [,end]]) -> bool | | Return True if B ends with the specified suffix, False otherwise. | With optional start, test B beginning at that position. | With optional end, stop comparing B at that position. | suffix can also be a tuple of strings to try. | | expandtabs(...) | B.expandtabs([tabsize]) -> copy of B | | Return a copy of B where all tab characters are expanded using spaces. | If tabsize is not given, a tab size of 8 characters is assumed. | | extend(...) | B.extend(iterable int) -> None | | Append all the elements from the iterator or sequence to the | end of B. | | find(...) | B.find(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int | | Return the lowest index in B where subsection sub is found, | such that sub is contained within s[start,end]. Optional | arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation. | | Return -1 on failure. | | index(...) | B.index(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int | | Like B.find() but raise ValueError when the subsection is not found. | | insert(...) | B.insert(index, int) -> None | | Insert a single item into the bytearray before the given index. | | isalnum(...) | B.isalnum() -> bool | | Return True if all characters in B are alphanumeric | and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise. | | isalpha(...) | B.isalpha() -> bool | | Return True if all characters in B are alphabetic | and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise. | | isdigit(...) | B.isdigit() -> bool | | Return True if all characters in B are digits | and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise. | | islower(...) | B.islower() -> bool | | Return True if all cased characters in B are lowercase and there is | at least one cased character in B, False otherwise. | | isspace(...) | B.isspace() -> bool | | Return True if all characters in B are whitespace | and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise. | | istitle(...) | B.istitle() -> bool | | Return True if B is a titlecased string and there is at least one | character in B, i.e. uppercase characters may only follow uncased | characters and lowercase characters only cased ones. Return False | otherwise. | | isupper(...) | B.isupper() -> bool | | Return True if all cased characters in B are uppercase and there is | at least one cased character in B, False otherwise. | | join(...) | B.join(iterable_of_bytes) -> bytes | | Concatenates any number of bytearray objects, with B in between each pair. | | ljust(...) | B.ljust(width[, fillchar]) -> copy of B | | Return B left justified in a string of length width. Padding is | done using the specified fill character (default is a space). | | lower(...) | B.lower() -> copy of B | | Return a copy of B with all ASCII characters converted to lowercase. | | lstrip(...) | B.lstrip([bytes]) -> bytearray | | Strip leading bytes contained in the argument. | If the argument is omitted, strip leading ASCII whitespace. | | partition(...) | B.partition(sep) -> (head, sep, tail) | | Searches for the separator sep in B, and returns the part before it, | the separator itself, and the part after it. If the separator is not | found, returns B and two empty bytearray objects. | | pop(...) | B.pop([index]) -> int | | Remove and return a single item from B. If no index | argument is given, will pop the l> t value. | | remove(...) | B.remove(int) -> None | | Remove the first occurance of a value in B. | | replace(...) | B.replace(old, new[, count]) -> bytes | | Return a copy of B with all occurrences of subsection | old replaced by new. If the optional argument count is | given, only the first count occurrences are replaced. | | reverse(...) | B.reverse() -> None | | Reverse the order of the values in B in place. | | rfind(...) | B.rfind(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int | | Return the highest index in B where subsection sub is found, | such that sub is contained within s[start,end]. Optional | arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation. | | Return -1 on failure. | | rindex(...) | B.rindex(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int | | Like B.rfind() but raise ValueError when the subsection is not found. | | rjust(...) | B.rjust(width[, fillchar]) -> copy of B | | Return B right justified in a string of length width. Padding is | done using the specified fill character (default is a space) | | rpartition(...) | B.rpartition(sep) -> (head, sep, tail) | | Searches for the separator sep in B, starting at the end of B, | and returns the part before it, the separator itself, and the | part after it. If the separator is not found, returns two empty | bytearray objects and B. | | rsplit(...) | B.rsplit(sep[, maxsplit]) -> list of bytearray | | Return a list of the sections in B, using sep as the delimiter, | starting at the end of B and working to the front. | If sep is not given, B is split on ASCII whitespace characters | (space, tab, return, newline, formfeed, vertical tab). | If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit splits are done. | | rstrip(...) | B.rstrip([bytes]) -> bytearray | | Strip trailing bytes contained in the argument. | If the argument is omitted, strip trailing ASCII whitespace. | | split(...) | B.split([sep[, maxsplit]]) -> list of bytearray | | Return a list of the sections in B, using sep as the delimiter. | If sep is not given, B is split on ASCII whitespace characters | (space, tab, return, newline, formfeed, vertical tab). | If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit splits are done. | | splitlines(...) | B.splitlines([keepends]) -> list of lines | | Return a list of the lines in B, breaking at line boundaries. | Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends | is given and true. | | startswith(...) | B.startswith(prefix [,start [,end]]) -> bool | | Return True if B starts with the specified prefix, False otherwise. | With optional start, test B beginning at that position. | With optional end, stop comparing B at that position. | prefix can also be a tuple of strings to try. | | strip(...) | B.strip([bytes]) -> bytearray | | Strip leading and trailing bytes contained in the argument. | If the argument is omitted, strip ASCII whitespace. | | swapcase(...) | B.swapcase() -> copy of B | | Return a copy of B with uppercase ASCII characters converted | to lowercase ASCII and vice versa. | | title(...) | B.title() -> copy of B | | Return a titlecased version of B, i.e. ASCII words start with uppercase | characters, all remaining cased characters have lowercase. | | translate(...) | B.translate(table[, deletechars]) -> bytearray | | Return a copy of B, where all characters occurring in the | optional argument deletechars are removed, and the remaining | characters have been mapped through the given translation | table, which must be a bytes object of length 256. | | upper(...) | B.upper() -> copy of B | | Return a copy of B with all ASCII characters converted to uppercase. | | zfill(...) | B.zfill(width) -> copy of B | | Pad a numeric string B with zeros on the left, to fill a field | of the specified width. B is never truncated. | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data and other attributes defined here: | | __new__ = | T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T | | fromhex = | bytearray.fromhex(string) -> bytearray | | Create a bytearray object from a string of hexadecimal numbers. | Spaces between two numbers are accepted. | Example: bytearray.fromhex('B9 01EF') -> bytearray(b'\xb9\x01\xef'). bytes = class str(basestring) | str(object) -> string | | Return a nice string representation of the object. | If the argument is a string, the return value is the same object. | | Method resolution order: | str | basestring | object | | Methods defined here: | | __add__(...) | x.__add__(y) <==> x+y | | __contains__(...) | x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x | | __eq__(...) | x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y | | __format__(...) | S.__format__(format_spec) -> unicode | | __ge__(...) | x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y | | __getattribute__(...) | x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name | | __getitem__(...) | x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] | | __getnewargs__(...) | | __getslice__(...) | x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j] | | Use of negative indices is not supported. | | __gt__(...) | x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y | | __hash__(...) | x.__hash__() <==> hash(x) | | __le__(...) | x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y | | __len__(...) | x.__len__() <==> len(x) | | __lt__(...) | x.__lt__(y) <==> x x%y | | __mul__(...) | x.__mul__(n) <==> x*n | | __ne__(...) | x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y | | __repr__(...) | x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) | | __rmod__(...) | x.__rmod__(y) <==> y%x | | __rmul__(...) | x.__rmul__(n) <==> n*x | | __sizeof__(...) | S.__sizeof__() -> size of S in memory, in bytes | | __str__(...) | x.__str__() <==> str(x) | | capitalize(...) | S.capitalize() -> string | | Return a copy of the string S with only its first character | capitalized. | | center(...) | S.center(width[, fillchar]) -> string | | Return S centered in a string of length width. Padding is | done using the specified fill character (default is a space) | | count(...) | S.count(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int | | Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of substring sub in | string S[start:end]. Optional arguments start and end are interpreted | as in slice notation. | | decode(...) | S.decode([encoding[,errors]]) -> object | | Decodes S using the codec registered for encoding. encoding defaults | to the default encoding. errors may be given to set a different error | handling scheme. Default is 'strict' meaning that encoding errors raise | a UnicodeDecodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore' and 'replace' | as well as any other name registered with codecs.register_error that is | able to handle UnicodeDecodeErrors. | | encode(...) | S.encode([encoding[,errors]]) -> object | | Encodes S using the codec registered for encoding. encoding defaults | to the default encoding. errors may be given to set a different error | handling scheme. Default is 'strict' meaning that encoding errors raise | a UnicodeEncodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore', 'replace' and | 'xmlcharrefreplace' as well as any other name registered with | codecs.register_error that is able to handle UnicodeEncodeErrors. | | endswith(...) | S.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]]) -> bool | | Return True if S ends with the specified suffix, False otherwise. | With optional start, test S beginning at that position. | With optional end, stop comparing S at that position. | suffix can also be a tuple of strings to try. | | expandtabs(...) | S.expandtabs([tabsize]) -> string | | Return a copy of S where all tab characters are expanded using spaces. | If tabsize is not given, a tab size of 8 characters is assumed. | | find(...) | S.find(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int | | Return the lowest index in S where substring sub is found, | such that sub is contained within s[start:end]. Optional | arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation. | | Return -1 on failure. | | format(...) | S.format(*args, **kwargs) -> unicode | | index(...) | S.index(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int | | Like S.find() but raise ValueError when the substring is not found. | | isalnum(...) | S.isalnum() -> bool | | Return True if all characters in S are alphanumeric | and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise. | | isalpha(...) | S.isalpha() -> bool | | Return True if all characters in S are alphabetic | and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise. | | isdigit(...) | S.isdigit() -> bool | | Return True if all characters in S are digits | and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise. | | islower(...) | S.islower() -> bool | | Return True if all cased characters in S are lowercase and there is | at least one cased character in S, False otherwise. | | isspace(...) | S.isspace() -> bool | | Return True if all characters in S are whitespace | and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise. | | istitle(...) | S.istitle() -> bool | | Return True if S is a titlecased string and there is at least one | character in S, i.e. uppercase characters may only follow uncased | characters and lowercase characters only cased ones. Return False | otherwise. | | isupper(...) | S.isupper() -> bool | | Return True if all cased characters in S are uppercase and there is | at least one cased character in S, False otherwise. | | join(...) | S.join(iterable) -> string | | Return a string which is the concatenation of the strings in the | iterable. The separator between elements is S. | | ljust(...) | S.ljust(width[, fillchar]) -> string | | Return S left-justified in a string of length width. Padding is | done using the specified fill character (default is a space). | | lower(...) | S.lower() -> string | | Return a copy of the string S converted to lowercase. | | lstrip(...) | S.lstrip([chars]) -> string or unicode | | Return a copy of the string S with leading whitespace removed. | If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead. | If chars is unicode, S will be converted to unicode before stripping | | partition(...) | S.partition(sep) -> (head, sep, tail) | | Search for the separator sep in S, and return the part before it, | the separator itself, and the part after it. If the separator is not | found, return S and two empty strings. | | replace(...) | S.replace (old, new[, count]) -> string | | Return a copy of string S with all occurrences of substring | old replaced by new. If the optional argument count is | given, only the first count occurrences are replaced. | | rfind(...) | S.rfind(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int | | Return the highest index in S where substring sub is found, | such that sub is contained within s[start:end]. Optional | arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation. | | Return -1 on failure. | | rindex(...) | S.rindex(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int | | Like S.rfind() but raise ValueError when the substring is not found. | | rjust(...) | S.rjust(width[, fillchar]) -> string | | Return S right-justified in a string of length width. Padding is | done using the specified fill character (default is a space) | | rpartition(...) | S.rpartition(sep) -> (head, sep, tail) | | Search for the separator sep in S, starting at the end of S, and return | the part before it, the separator itself, and the part after it. If the | separator is not found, return two empty strings and S. | | rsplit(...) | S.rsplit([sep [,maxsplit]]) -> list of strings | | Return a list of the words in the string S, using sep as the | delimiter string, starting at the end of the string and working | to the front. If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit splits are | done. If sep is not specified or is None, any whitespace string | is a separator. | | rstrip(...) | S.rstrip([chars]) -> string or unicode | | Return a copy of the string S with trailing whitespace removed. | If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead. | If chars is unicode, S will be converted to unicode before stripping | | split(...) | S.split([sep [,maxsplit]]) -> list of strings | | Return a list of the words in the string S, using sep as the | delimiter string. If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit | splits are done. If sep is not specified or is None, any | whitespace string is a separator and empty strings are removed | from the result. | | splitlines(...) | S.splitlines([keepends]) -> list of strings | | Return a list of the lines in S, breaking at line boundaries. | Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends | is given and true. | | startswith(...) | S.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]]) -> bool | | Return True if S starts with the specified prefix, False otherwise. | With optional start, test S beginning at that position. | With optional end, stop comparing S at that position. | prefix can also be a tuple of strings to try. | | strip(...) | S.strip([chars]) -> string or unicode | | Return a copy of the string S with leading and trailing | whitespace removed. | If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead. | If chars is unicode, S will be converted to unicode before stripping | | swapcase(...) | S.swapcase() -> string | | Return a copy of the string S with uppercase characters | converted to lowercase and vice versa. | | title(...) | S.title() -> string | | Return a titlecased version of S, i.e. words start with uppercase | characters, all remaining cased characters have lowercase. | | translate(...) | S.translate(table [,deletechars]) -> string | | Return a copy of the string S, where all characters occurring | in the optional argument deletechars are removed, and the | remaining characters have been mapped through the given | translation table, which must be a string of length 256. | | upper(...) | S.upper() -> string | | Return a copy of the string S converted to uppercase. | | zfill(...) | S.zfill(width) -> string | | Pad a numeric string S with zeros on the left, to fill a field | of the specified width. The string S is never truncated. | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data and other attributes defined here: | | __new__ = | T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T class classmethod(object) | classmethod(function) -> method | | Convert a function to be a class method. | | A class method receives the class as implicit first argument, | just like an instance method receives the instance. | To declare a class method, use this idiom: | | class C: | def f(cls, arg1, arg2, ...): ... | f = classmethod(f) | | It can be called either on the class (e.g. C.f()) or on an instance | (e.g. C().f()). The instance is ignored except for its class. | If a class method is called for a derived class, the derived class | object is passed as the implied first argument. | | Class methods are different than C++ or Java static methods. | If you want those, see the staticmethod builtin. | | Methods defined here: | | __get__(...) | descr.__get__(obj[, type]) -> value | | __getattribute__(...) | x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name | | __init__(...) | x.__init__(...) initializes x; see x.__class__.__doc__ for signature | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data and other attributes defined here: | | __new__ = | T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T class complex(object) | complex(real[, imag]) -> complex number | | Create a complex number from a real part and an optional imaginary part. | This is equivalent to (real + imag*1j) where imag defaults to 0. | | Methods defined here: | | __abs__(...) | x.__abs__() <==> abs(x) | | __add__(...) | x.__add__(y) <==> x+y | | __coerce__(...) | x.__coerce__(y) <==> coerce(x, y) | | __div__(...) | x.__div__(y) <==> x/y | | __divmod__(...) | x.__divmod__(y) <==> divmod(x, y) | | __eq__(...) | x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y | | __float__(...) | x.__float__() <==> float(x) | | __floordiv__(...) | x.__floordiv__(y) <==> x//y | | __ge__(...) | x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y | | __getattribute__(...) | x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name | | __getnewargs__(...) | | __gt__(...) | x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y | | __hash__(...) | x.__hash__() <==> hash(x) | | __int__(...) | x.__int__() <==> int(x) | | __le__(...) | x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y | | __long__(...) | x.__long__() <==> long(x) | | __lt__(...) | x.__lt__(y) <==> x x%y | | __mul__(...) | x.__mul__(y) <==> x*y | | __ne__(...) | x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y | | __neg__(...) | x.__neg__() <==> -x | | __nonzero__(...) | x.__nonzero__() <==> x != 0 | | __pos__(...) | x.__pos__() <==> +x | | __pow__(...) | x.__pow__(y[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z]) | | __radd__(...) | x.__radd__(y) <==> y+x | | __rdiv__(...) | x.__rdiv__(y) <==> y/x | | __rdivmod__(...) | x.__rdivmod__(y) <==> divmod(y, x) | | __repr__(...) | x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) | | __rfloordiv__(...) | x.__rfloordiv__(y) <==> y//x | | __rmod__(...) | x.__rmod__(y) <==> y%x | | __rmul__(...) | x.__rmul__(y) <==> y*x | | __rpow__(...) | y.__rpow__(x[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z]) | | __rsub__(...) | x.__rsub__(y) <==> y-x | | __rtruediv__(...) | x.__rtruediv__(y) <==> y/x | | __str__(...) | x.__str__() <==> str(x) | | __sub__(...) | x.__sub__(y) <==> x-y | | __truediv__(...) | x.__truediv__(y) <==> x/y | | conjugate(...) | complex.conjugate() -> complex | | Returns the complex conjugate of its argument. (3-4j).conjugate() == 3+4j. | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data descriptors defined here: | | imag | the imaginary part of a complex number | | real | the real part of a complex number | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data and other attributes defined here: | | __new__ = | T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T class dict(object) | dict() -> new empty dictionary | dict(mapping) -> new dictionary initialized from a mapping object's | (key, value) pairs | dict(iterable) -> new dictionary initialized as if via: | d = {} | for k, v in iterable: | d[k] = v | dict(**kwargs) -> new dictionary initialized with the name=value pairs | in the keyword argument list. For example: dict(one=1, two=2) | | Methods defined here: | | __cmp__(...) | x.__cmp__(y) <==> cmp(x,y) | | __contains__(...) | D.__contains__(k) -> True if D has a key k, else False | | __delitem__(...) | x.__delitem__(y) <==> del x[y] | | __eq__(...) | x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y | | __ge__(...) | x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y | | __getattribute__(...) | x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name | | __getitem__(...) | x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] | | __gt__(...) | x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y | | __init__(...) | x.__init__(...) initializes x; see x.__class__.__doc__ for signature | | __iter__(...) | x.__iter__() <==> iter(x) | | __le__(...) | x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y | | __len__(...) | x.__len__() <==> len(x) | | __lt__(...) | x.__lt__(y) <==> x x!=y | | __repr__(...) | x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) | | __setitem__(...) | x.__setitem__(i, y) <==> x[i]=y | | __sizeof__(...) | D.__sizeof__() -> size of D in memory, in bytes | | clear(...) | D.clear() -> None. Remove all items from D. | | copy(...) | D.copy() -> a shallow copy of D | | get(...) | D.get(k[,d]) -> D[k] if k in D, else d. d defaults to None. | | has_key(...) | D.has_key(k) -> True if D has a key k, else False | | items(...) | D.items() -> list of D's (key, value) pairs, as 2-tuples | | iteritems(...) | D.iteritems() -> an iterator over the (key, value) items of D | | iterkeys(...) | D.iterkeys() -> an iterator over the keys of D | | itervalues(...) | D.itervalues() -> an iterator over the values of D | | keys(...) | D.keys() -> list of D's keys | | pop(...) | D.pop(k[,d]) -> v, remove specified key and return the corresponding value. | If key is not found, d is returned if given, otherwise KeyError is raised | | popitem(...) | D.popitem() -> (k, v), remove and return some (key, value) pair as a | 2-tuple; but raise KeyError if D is empty. | | setdefault(...) | D.setdefault(k[,d]) -> D.get(k,d), also set D[k]=d if k not in D | | update(...) | D.update(E, **F) -> None. Update D from dict/iterable E and F. | If E has a .keys() method, does: for k in E: D[k] = E[k] | If E lacks .keys() method, does: for (k, v) in E: D[k] = v | In either case, this is followed by: for k in F: D[k] = F[k] | | values(...) | D.values() -> list of D's values | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data and other attributes defined here: | | __hash__ = None | | __new__ = | T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T | | fromkeys = | dict.fromkeys(S[,v]) -> New dict with keys from S and values equal to v. | v defaults to None. class enumerate(object) | enumerate(iterable) -> iterator for index, value of iterable | | Return an enumerate object. iterable must be another object that supports | iteration. The enumerate object yields pairs containing a count (from | zero) and a value yielded by the iterable argument. enumerate is useful | for obtaining an indexed list: (0, seq[0]), (1, seq[1]), (2, seq[2]), ... | | Methods defined here: | | __getattribute__(...) | x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name | | __iter__(...) | x.__iter__() <==> iter(x) | | next(...) | x.next() -> the next value, or raise StopIteration | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data and other attributes defined here: | | __new__ = | T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T class file(object) | file(name[, mode[, buffering]]) -> file object | | Open a file. The mode can be 'r', 'w' or 'a' for reading (default), | writing or appending. The file will be created if it doesn't exist | when opened for writing or appending; it will be truncated when | opened for writing. Add a 'b' to the mode for binary files. | Add a '+' to the mode to allow simultaneous reading and writing. | If the buffering argument is given, 0 means unbuffered, 1 means line | buffered, and larger numbers specify the buffer size. The preferred way | to open a file is with the builtin open() function. | Add a 'U' to mode to open the file for input with universal newline | support. Any line ending in the input file will be seen as a '\n' | in Python. Also, a file so opened gains the attribute 'newlines'; | the value for this attribute is one of None (no newline read yet), | '\r', '\n', '\r\n' or a tuple containing all the newline types seen. | | 'U' cannot be combined with 'w' or '+' mode. | | Methods defined here: | | __delattr__(...) | x.__delattr__('name') <==> del x.name | | __enter__(...) | __enter__() -> self. | | __exit__(...) | __exit__(*excinfo) -> None. Closes the file. | | __getattribute__(...) | x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name | | __init__(...) | x.__init__(...) initializes x; see x.__class__.__doc__ for signature | | __iter__(...) | x.__iter__() <==> iter(x) | | __repr__(...) | x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) | | __setattr__(...) | x.__setattr__('name', value) <==> x.name = value | | close(...) | close() -> None or (perhaps) an integer. Close the file. | | Sets data attribute .closed to True. A closed file cannot be used for | further I/O operations. close() may be called more than once without | error. Some kinds of file objects (for example, opened by popen()) | may return an exit status upon closing. | | fileno(...) | fileno() -> integer "file descriptor". | | This is needed for lower-level file interfaces, such os.read(). | | flush(...) | flush() -> None. Flush the internal I/O buffer. | | isatty(...) | isatty() -> true or false. True if the file is connected to a tty device. | | next(...) | x.next() -> the next value, or raise StopIteration | | read(...) | read([size]) -> read at most size bytes, returned as a string. | | If the size argument is negative or omitted, read until EOF is reached. | Notice that when in non-blocking mode, less data than what was requested | may be returned, even if no size parameter was given. | | readinto(...) | readinto() -> Undocumented. Don't use this; it may go away. | | readline(...) | readline([size]) -> next line from the file, as a string. | | Retain newline. A non-negative size argument limits the maximum | number of bytes to return (an incomplete line may be returned then). | Return an empty string at EOF. | | readlines(...) | readlines([size]) -> list of strings, each a line from the file. | | Call readline() repeatedly and return a list of the lines so read. | The optional size argument, if given, is an approximate bound on the | total number of bytes in the lines returned. | | seek(...) | seek(offset[, whence]) -> None. Move to new file position. | | Argument offset is a byte count. Optional argument whence defaults to | 0 (offset from start of file, offset should be >= 0); other values are 1 | (move relative to current position, positive or negative), and 2 (move | relative to end of file, usually negative, although many platforms allow | seeking beyond the end of a file). If the file is opened in text mode, | only offsets returned by tell() are legal. Use of other offsets causes | undefined behavior. | Note that not all file objects are seekable. | | tell(...) | tell() -> current file position, an integer (may be a long integer). | | truncate(...) | truncate([size]) -> None. Truncate the file to at most size bytes. | | Size defaults to the current file position, as returned by tell(). | | write(...) | write(str) -> None. Write string str to file. | | Note that due to buffering, flush() or close() may be needed before | the file on disk reflects the data written. | | writelines(...) | writelines(sequence_of_strings) -> None. Write the strings to the file. | | Note that newlines are not added. The sequence can be any iterable object | producing strings. This is equivalent to calling write() for each string. | | xreadlines(...) | xreadlines() -> returns self. | | For backward compatibility. File objects now include the performance | optimizations previously implemented in the xreadlines module. | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data descriptors defined here: | | closed | True if the file is closed | | encoding | file encoding | | errors | Unicode error handler | | mode | file mode ('r', 'U', 'w', 'a', possibly with 'b' or '+' added) | | name | file name | | newlines | end-of-line convention used in this file | | softspace | flag indicating that a space needs to be printed; used by print | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data and other attributes defined here: | | __new__ = | T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T class float(object) | float(x) -> floating point number | | Convert a string or number to a floating point number, if possible. | | Methods defined here: | | __abs__(...) | x.__abs__() <==> abs(x) | | __add__(...) | x.__add__(y) <==> x+y | | __coerce__(...) | x.__coerce__(y) <==> coerce(x, y) | | __div__(...) | x.__div__(y) <==> x/y | | __divmod__(...) | x.__divmod__(y) <==> divmod(x, y) | | __eq__(...) | x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y | | __float__(...) | x.__float__() <==> float(x) | | __floordiv__(...) | x.__floordiv__(y) <==> x//y | | __format__(...) | float.__format__(format_spec) -> string | | Formats the float according to format_spec. | | __ge__(...) | x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y | | __getattribute__(...) | x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name | | __getnewargs__(...) | | __gt__(...) | x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y | | __hash__(...) | x.__hash__() <==> hash(x) | | __int__(...) | x.__int__() <==> int(x) | | __le__(...) | x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y | | __long__(...) | x.__long__() <==> long(x) | | __lt__(...) | x.__lt__(y) <==> x x%y | | __mul__(...) | x.__mul__(y) <==> x*y | | __ne__(...) | x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y | | __neg__(...) | x.__neg__() <==> -x | | __nonzero__(...) | x.__nonzero__() <==> x != 0 | | __pos__(...) | x.__pos__() <==> +x | | __pow__(...) | x.__pow__(y[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z]) | | __radd__(...) | x.__radd__(y) <==> y+x | | __rdiv__(...) | x.__rdiv__(y) <==> y/x | | __rdivmod__(...) | x.__rdivmod__(y) <==> divmod(y, x) | | __repr__(...) | x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) | | __rfloordiv__(...) | x.__rfloordiv__(y) <==> y//x | | __rmod__(...) | x.__rmod__(y) <==> y%x | | __rmul__(...) | x.__rmul__(y) <==> y*x | | __rpow__(...) | y.__rpow__(x[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z]) | | __rsub__(...) | x.__rsub__(y) <==> y-x | | __rtruediv__(...) | x.__rtruediv__(y) <==> y/x | | __str__(...) | x.__str__() <==> str(x) | | __sub__(...) | x.__sub__(y) <==> x-y | | __truediv__(...) | x.__truediv__(y) <==> x/y | | __trunc__(...) | Returns the Integral closest to x between 0 and x. | | as_integer_ratio(...) | float.as_integer_ratio() -> (int, int) | | Returns a pair of integers, whose ratio is exactly equal to the original | float and with a positive denominator. | Raises OverflowError on infinities and a ValueError on NaNs. | | >>> (10.0).as_integer_ratio() | (10, 1) | >>> (0.0).as_integer_ratio() | (0, 1) | >>> (-.25).as_integer_ratio() | (-1, 4) | | conjugate(...) | Returns self, the complex conjugate of any float. | | hex(...) | float.hex() -> string | | Return a hexadecimal representation of a floating-point number. | >>> (-0.1).hex() | '-0x1.999999999999ap-4' | >>> 3.14159.hex() | '0x1.921f9f01b866ep+1' | | is_integer(...) | Returns True if the float is an integer. | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data descriptors defined here: | | imag | the imaginary part of a complex number | | real | the real part of a complex number | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data and other attributes defined here: | | __getformat__ = | float.__getformat__(typestr) -> string | | You probably don't want to use this function. It exists mainly to be | used in Python's test suite. | | typestr must be 'double' or 'float'. This function returns whichever of | 'unknown', 'IEEE, big-endian' or 'IEEE, little-endian' best describes the | format of floating point numbers used by the C type named by typestr. | | __new__ = | T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T | | __setformat__ = | float.__setformat__(typestr, fmt) -> None | | You probably don't want to use this function. It exists mainly to be | used in Python's test suite. | | typestr must be 'double' or 'float'. fmt must be one of 'unknown', | 'IEEE, big-endian' or 'IEEE, little-endian', and in addition can only be | one of the latter two if it appears to match the underlying C reality. | | Overrides the automatic determination of C-level floating point type. | This affects how floats are converted to and from binary strings. | | fromhex = | float.fromhex(string) -> float | | Create a floating-point number from a hexadecimal string. | >>> float.fromhex('0x1.ffffp10') | 2047.984375 | >>> float.fromhex('-0x1p-1074') | -4.9406564584124654e-324 class frozenset(object) | frozenset() -> empty frozenset object | frozenset(iterable) -> frozenset object | | Build an immutable unordered collection of unique elements. | | Methods defined here: | | __and__(...) | x.__and__(y) <==> x&y | | __cmp__(...) | x.__cmp__(y) <==> cmp(x,y) | | __contains__(...) | x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x. | | __eq__(...) | x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y | | __ge__(...) | x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y | | __getattribute__(...) | x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name | | __gt__(...) | x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y | | __hash__(...) | x.__hash__() <==> hash(x) | | __iter__(...) | x.__iter__() <==> iter(x) | | __le__(...) | x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y | | __len__(...) | x.__len__() <==> len(x) | | __lt__(...) | x.__lt__(y) <==> x x!=y | | __or__(...) | x.__or__(y) <==> x|y | | __rand__(...) | x.__rand__(y) <==> y&x | | __reduce__(...) | Return state information for pickling. | | __repr__(...) | x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) | | __ror__(...) | x.__ror__(y) <==> y|x | | __rsub__(...) | x.__rsub__(y) <==> y-x | | __rxor__(...) | x.__rxor__(y) <==> y^x | | __sizeof__(...) | S.__sizeof__() -> size of S in memory, in bytes | | __sub__(...) | x.__sub__(y) <==> x-y | | __xor__(...) | x.__xor__(y) <==> x^y | | copy(...) | Return a shallow copy of a set. | | difference(...) | Return the difference of two or more sets as a new set. | | (i.e. all elements that are in this set but not the others.) | | intersection(...) | Return the intersection of two or more sets as a new set. | | (i.e. elements that are common to all of the sets.) | | isdisjoint(...) | Return True if two sets have a null intersection. | | issubset(...) | Report whether another set contains this set. | | issuperset(...) | Report whether this set contains another set. | | symmetric_difference(...) | Return the symmetric difference of two sets as a new set. | | (i.e. all elements that are in exactly one of the sets.) | | union(...) | Return the union of sets as a new set. | | (i.e. all elements that are in either set.) | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data and other attributes defined here: | | __new__ = | T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T class int(object) | int(x[, base]) -> integer | | Convert a string or number to an integer, if possible. A floating point | argument will be truncated towards zero (this does not include a string | representation of a floating point number!) When converting a string, use | the optional base. It is an error to supply a base when converting a | non-string. If base is zero, the proper base is guessed based on the | string content. If the argument is outside the integer range a | long object will be returned instead. | | Methods defined here: | | __abs__(...) | x.__abs__() <==> abs(x) | | __add__(...) | x.__add__(y) <==> x+y | | __and__(...) | x.__and__(y) <==> x&y | | __cmp__(...) | x.__cmp__(y) <==> cmp(x,y) | | __coerce__(...) | x.__coerce__(y) <==> coerce(x, y) | | __div__(...) | x.__div__(y) <==> x/y | | __divmod__(...) | x.__divmod__(y) <==> divmod(x, y) | | __float__(...) | x.__float__() <==> float(x) | | __floordiv__(...) | x.__floordiv__(y) <==> x//y | | __format__(...) | | __getattribute__(...) | x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name | | __getnewargs__(...) | | __hash__(...) | x.__hash__() <==> hash(x) | | __hex__(...) | x.__hex__() <==> hex(x) | | __index__(...) | x[y:z] <==> x[y.__index__():z.__index__()] | | __int__(...) | x.__int__() <==> int(x) | | __invert__(...) | x.__invert__() <==> ~x | | __long__(...) | x.__long__() <==> long(x) | | __lshift__(...) | x.__lshift__(y) <==> x< x%y | | __mul__(...) | x.__mul__(y) <==> x*y | | __neg__(...) | x.__neg__() <==> -x | | __nonzero__(...) | x.__nonzero__() <==> x != 0 | | __oct__(...) | x.__oct__() <==> oct(x) | | __or__(...) | x.__or__(y) <==> x|y | | __pos__(...) | x.__pos__() <==> +x | | __pow__(...) | x.__pow__(y[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z]) | | __radd__(...) | x.__radd__(y) <==> y+x | | __rand__(...) | x.__rand__(y) <==> y&x | | __rdiv__(...) | x.__rdiv__(y) <==> y/x | | __rdivmod__(...) | x.__rdivmod__(y) <==> divmod(y, x) | | __repr__(...) | x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) | | __rfloordiv__(...) | x.__rfloordiv__(y) <==> y//x | | __rlshift__(...) | x.__rlshift__(y) <==> y< y%x | | __rmul__(...) | x.__rmul__(y) <==> y*x | | __ror__(...) | x.__ror__(y) <==> y|x | | __rpow__(...) | y.__rpow__(x[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z]) | | __rrshift__(...) | x.__rrshift__(y) <==> y>>x | | __rshift__(...) | x.__rshift__(y) <==> x>>y | | __rsub__(...) | x.__rsub__(y) <==> y-x | | __rtruediv__(...) | x.__rtruediv__(y) <==> y/x | | __rxor__(...) | x.__rxor__(y) <==> y^x | | __str__(...) | x.__str__() <==> str(x) | | __sub__(...) | x.__sub__(y) <==> x-y | | __truediv__(...) | x.__truediv__(y) <==> x/y | | __trunc__(...) | Truncating an Integral returns itself. | | __xor__(...) | x.__xor__(y) <==> x^y | | conjugate(...) | Returns self, the complex conjugate of any int. | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data descriptors defined here: | | denominator | the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms | | imag | the imaginary part of a complex number | | numerator | the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms | | real | the real part of a complex number | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data and other attributes defined here: | | __new__ = | T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T class list(object) | list() -> new empty list | list(iterable) -> new list initialized from iterable's items | | Methods defined here: | | __add__(...) | x.__add__(y) <==> x+y | | __contains__(...) | x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x | | __delitem__(...) | x.__delitem__(y) <==> del x[y] | | __delslice__(...) | x.__delslice__(i, j) <==> del x[i:j] | | Use of negative indices is not supported. | | __eq__(...) | x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y | | __ge__(...) | x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y | | __getattribute__(...) | x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name | | __getitem__(...) | x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] | | __getslice__(...) | x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j] | | Use of negative indices is not supported. | | __gt__(...) | x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y | | __iadd__(...) | x.__iadd__(y) <==> x+=y | | __imul__(...) | x.__imul__(y) <==> x*=y | | __init__(...) | x.__init__(...) initializes x; see x.__class__.__doc__ for signature | | __iter__(...) | x.__iter__() <==> iter(x) | | __le__(...) | x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y | | __len__(...) | x.__len__() <==> len(x) | | __lt__(...) | x.__lt__(y) <==> x x*n | | __ne__(...) | x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y | | __repr__(...) | x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) | | __reversed__(...) | L.__reversed__() -- return a reverse iterator over the list | | __rmul__(...) | x.__rmul__(n) <==> n*x | | __setitem__(...) | x.__setitem__(i, y) <==> x[i]=y | | __setslice__(...) | x.__setslice__(i, j, y) <==> x[i:j]=y | | Use of negative indices is not supported. | | __sizeof__(...) | L.__sizeof__() -- size of L in memory, in bytes | | append(...) | L.append(object) -- append object to end | | count(...) | L.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value | | extend(...) | L.extend(iterable) -- extend list by appending elements from the iterable | | index(...) | L.index(value, [start, [stop]]) -> integer -- return first index of value. | Raises ValueError if the value is not present. | | insert(...) | L.insert(index, object) -- insert object before index | | pop(...) | L.pop([index]) -> item -- remove and return item at index (default last). | Raises IndexError if list is empty or index is out of range. | | remove(...) | L.remove(value) -- remove first occurrence of value. | Raises ValueError if the value is not present. | | reverse(...) | L.reverse() -- reverse *IN PLACE* | | sort(...) | L.sort(cmp=None, key=None, reverse=False) -- stable sort *IN PLACE*; | cmp(x, y) -> -1, 0, 1 | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data and other attributes defined here: | | __hash__ = None | | __new__ = | T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T class long(object) | long(x[, base]) -> integer | | Convert a string or number to a long integer, if possible. A floating | point argument will be truncated towards zero (this does not include a | string representation of a floating point number!) When converting a | string, use the optional base. It is an error to supply a base when | converting a non-string. | | Methods defined here: | | __abs__(...) | x.__abs__() <==> abs(x) | | __add__(...) | x.__add__(y) <==> x+y | | __and__(...) | x.__and__(y) <==> x&y | | __cmp__(...) | x.__cmp__(y) <==> cmp(x,y) | | __coerce__(...) | x.__coerce__(y) <==> coerce(x, y) | | __div__(...) | x.__div__(y) <==> x/y | | __divmod__(...) | x.__divmod__(y) <==> divmod(x, y) | | __float__(...) | x.__float__() <==> float(x) | | __floordiv__(...) | x.__floordiv__(y) <==> x//y | | __format__(...) | | __getattribute__(...) | x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name | | __getnewargs__(...) | | __hash__(...) | x.__hash__() <==> hash(x) | | __hex__(...) | x.__hex__() <==> hex(x) | | __index__(...) | x[y:z] <==> x[y.__index__():z.__index__()] | | __int__(...) | x.__int__() <==> int(x) | | __invert__(...) | x.__invert__() <==> ~x | | __long__(...) | x.__long__() <==> long(x) | | __lshift__(...) | x.__lshift__(y) <==> x< x%y | | __mul__(...) | x.__mul__(y) <==> x*y | | __neg__(...) | x.__neg__() <==> -x | | __nonzero__(...) | x.__nonzero__() <==> x != 0 | | __oct__(...) | x.__oct__() <==> oct(x) | | __or__(...) | x.__or__(y) <==> x|y | | __pos__(...) | x.__pos__() <==> +x | | __pow__(...) | x.__pow__(y[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z]) | | __radd__(...) | x.__radd__(y) <==> y+x | | __rand__(...) | x.__rand__(y) <==> y&x | | __rdiv__(...) | x.__rdiv__(y) <==> y/x | | __rdivmod__(...) | x.__rdivmod__(y) <==> divmod(y, x) | | __repr__(...) | x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) | | __rfloordiv__(...) | x.__rfloordiv__(y) <==> y//x | | __rlshift__(...) | x.__rlshift__(y) <==> y< y%x | | __rmul__(...) | x.__rmul__(y) <==> y*x | | __ror__(...) | x.__ror__(y) <==> y|x | | __rpow__(...) | y.__rpow__(x[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z]) | | __rrshift__(...) | x.__rrshift__(y) <==> y>>x | | __rshift__(...) | x.__rshift__(y) <==> x>>y | | __rsub__(...) | x.__rsub__(y) <==> y-x | | __rtruediv__(...) | x.__rtruediv__(y) <==> y/x | | __rxor__(...) | x.__rxor__(y) <==> y^x | | __sizeof__(...) | Returns size in memory, in bytes | | __str__(...) | x.__str__() <==> str(x) | | __sub__(...) | x.__sub__(y) <==> x-y | | __truediv__(...) | x.__truediv__(y) <==> x/y | | __trunc__(...) | Truncating an Integral returns itself. | | __xor__(...) | x.__xor__(y) <==> x^y | | conjugate(...) | Returns self, the complex conjugate of any long. | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data descriptors defined here: | | denominator | the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms | | imag | the imaginary part of a complex number | | numerator | the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms | | real | the real part of a complex number | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data and other attributes defined here: | | __new__ = | T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T class object | The most base type class property(object) | property(fget=None, fset=None, fdel=None, doc=None) -> property attribute | | fget is a function to be used for getting an attribute value, and likewise | fset is a function for setting, and fdel a function for del'ing, an | attribute. Typical use is to define a managed attribute x: | class C(object): | def getx(self): return self._x | def setx(self, value): self._x = value | def delx(self): del self._x | x = property(getx, setx, delx, "I'm the 'x' property.") | | Decorators make defining new properties or modifying existing ones easy: | class C(object): | @property | def x(self): return self._x | @x.setter | def x(self, value): self._x = value | @x.deleter | def x(self): del self._x | | Methods defined here: | | __delete__(...) | descr.__delete__(obj) | | __get__(...) | descr.__get__(obj[, type]) -> value | | __getattribute__(...) | x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name | | __init__(...) | x.__init__(...) initializes x; see x.__class__.__doc__ for signature | | __set__(...) | descr.__set__(obj, value) | | deleter(...) | Descriptor to change the deleter on a property. | | getter(...) | Descriptor to change the getter on a property. | | setter(...) | Descriptor to change the setter on a property. | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data descriptors defined here: | | fdel | | fget | | fset | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data and other attributes defined here: | | __new__ = | T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T class reversed(object) | reversed(sequence) -> reverse iterator over values of the sequence | | Return a reverse iterator | | Methods defined here: | | __getattribute__(...) | x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name | | __iter__(...) | x.__iter__() <==> iter(x) | | __length_hint__(...) | Private method returning an estimate of len(list(it)). | | next(...) | x.next() -> the next value, or raise StopIteration | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data and other attributes defined here: | | __new__ = | T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T class set(object) | set() -> new empty set object | set(iterable) -> new set object | | Build an unordered collection of unique elements. | | Methods defined here: | | __and__(...) | x.__and__(y) <==> x&y | | __cmp__(...) | x.__cmp__(y) <==> cmp(x,y) | | __contains__(...) | x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x. | | __eq__(...) | x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y | | __ge__(...) | x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y | | __getattribute__(...) | x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name | | __gt__(...) | x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y | | __iand__(...) | x.__iand__(y) <==> x&y | | __init__(...) | x.__init__(...) initializes x; see x.__class__.__doc__ for signature | | __ior__(...) | x.__ior__(y) <==> x|y | | __isub__(...) | x.__isub__(y) <==> x-y | | __iter__(...) | x.__iter__() <==> iter(x) | | __ixor__(...) | x.__ixor__(y) <==> x^y | | __le__(...) | x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y | | __len__(...) | x.__len__() <==> len(x) | | __lt__(...) | x.__lt__(y) <==> x x!=y | | __or__(...) | x.__or__(y) <==> x|y | | __rand__(...) | x.__rand__(y) <==> y&x | | __reduce__(...) | Return state information for pickling. | | __repr__(...) | x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) | | __ror__(...) | x.__ror__(y) <==> y|x | | __rsub__(...) | x.__rsub__(y) <==> y-x | | __rxor__(...) | x.__rxor__(y) <==> y^x | | __sizeof__(...) | S.__sizeof__() -> size of S in memory, in bytes | | __sub__(...) | x.__sub__(y) <==> x-y | | __xor__(...) | x.__xor__(y) <==> x^y | | add(...) | Add an element to a set. | | This has no effect if the element is already present. | | clear(...) | Remove all elements from this set. | | copy(...) | Return a shallow copy of a set. | | difference(...) | Return the difference of two or more sets as a new set. | | (i.e. all elements that are in this set but not the others.) | | difference_update(...) | Remove all elements of another set from this set. | | discard(...) | Remove an element from a set if it is a member. | | If the element is not a member, do nothing. | | intersection(...) | Return the intersection of two or more sets as a new set. | | (i.e. elements that are common to all of the sets.) | | intersection_update(...) | Update a set with the intersection of itself and another. | | isdisjoint(...) | Return True if two sets have a null intersection. | | issubset(...) | Report whether another set contains this set. | | issuperset(...) | Report whether this set contains another set. | | pop(...) | Remove and return an arbitrary set element. | Raises KeyError if the set is empty. | | remove(...) | Remove an element from a set; it must be a member. | | If the element is not a member, raise a KeyError. | | symmetric_difference(...) | Return the symmetric difference of two sets as a new set. | | (i.e. all elements that are in exactly one of the sets.) | | symmetric_difference_update(...) | Update a set with the symmetric difference of itself and another. | | union(...) | Return the union of sets as a new set. | | (i.e. all elements that are in either set.) | | update(...) | Update a set with the union of itself and others. | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data and other attributes defined here: | | __hash__ = None | | __new__ = | T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T class slice(object) | slice([start,] stop[, step]) | | Create a slice object. This is used for extended slicing (e.g. a[0:10:2]). | | Methods defined here: | | __cmp__(...) | x.__cmp__(y) <==> cmp(x,y) | | __getattribute__(...) | x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name | | __hash__(...) | x.__hash__() <==> hash(x) | | __reduce__(...) | Return state information for pickling. | | __repr__(...) | x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) | | indices(...) | S.indices(len) -> (start, stop, stride) | | Assuming a sequence of length len, calculate the start and stop | indices, and the stride length of the extended slice described by | S. Out of bounds indices are clipped in a manner consistent with the | handling of normal slices. | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data descriptors defined here: | | start | | step | | stop | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data and other attributes defined here: | | __new__ = | T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T class staticmethod(object) | staticmethod(function) -> method | | Convert a function to be a static method. | | A static method does not receive an implicit first argument. | To declare a static method, use this idiom: | | class C: | def f(arg1, arg2, ...): ... | f = staticmethod(f) | | It can be called either on the class (e.g. C.f()) or on an instance | (e.g. C().f()). The instance is ignored except for its class. | | Static methods in Python are similar to those found in Java or C++. | For a more advanced concept, see the classmethod builtin. | | Methods defined here: | | __get__(...) | descr.__get__(obj[, type]) -> value | | __getattribute__(...) | x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name | | __init__(...) | x.__init__(...) initializes x; see x.__class__.__doc__ for signature | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data and other attributes defined here: | | __new__ = | T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T class str(basestring) | str(object) -> string | | Return a nice string representation of the object. | If the argument is a string, the return value is the same object. | | Method resolution order: | str | basestring | object | | Methods defined here: | | __add__(...) | x.__add__(y) <==> x+y | | __contains__(...) | x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x | | __eq__(...) | x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y | | __format__(...) | S.__format__(format_spec) -> unicode | | __ge__(...) | x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y | | __getattribute__(...) | x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name | | __getitem__(...) | x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] | | __getnewargs__(...) | | __getslice__(...) | x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j] | | Use of negative indices is not supported. | | __gt__(...) | x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y | | __hash__(...) | x.__hash__() <==> hash(x) | | __le__(...) | x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y | | __len__(...) | x.__len__() <==> len(x) | | __lt__(...) | x.__lt__(y) <==> x x%y | | __mul__(...) | x.__mul__(n) <==> x*n | | __ne__(...) | x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y | | __repr__(...) | x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) | | __rmod__(...) | x.__rmod__(y) <==> y%x | | __rmul__(...) | x.__rmul__(n) <==> n*x | | __sizeof__(...) | S.__sizeof__() -> size of S in memory, in bytes | | __str__(...) | x.__str__() <==> str(x) | | capitalize(...) | S.capitalize() -> string | | Return a copy of the string S with only its first character | capitalized. | | center(...) | S.center(width[, fillchar]) -> string | | Return S centered in a string of length width. Padding is | done using the specified fill character (default is a space) | | count(...) | S.count(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int | | Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of substring sub in | string S[start:end]. Optional arguments start and end are interpreted | as in slice notation. | | decode(...) | S.decode([encoding[,errors]]) -> object | | Decodes S using the codec registered for encoding. encoding defaults | to the default encoding. errors may be given to set a different error | handling scheme. Default is 'strict' meaning that encoding errors raise | a UnicodeDecodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore' and 'replace' | as well as any other name registered with codecs.register_error that is | able to handle UnicodeDecodeErrors. | | encode(...) | S.encode([encoding[,errors]]) -> object | | Encodes S using the codec registered for encoding. encoding defaults | to the default encoding. errors may be given to set a different error | handling scheme. Default is 'strict' meaning that encoding errors raise | a UnicodeEncodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore', 'replace' and | 'xmlcharrefreplace' as well as any other name registered with | codecs.register_error that is able to handle UnicodeEncodeErrors. | | endswith(...) | S.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]]) -> bool | | Return True if S ends with the specified suffix, False otherwise. | With optional start, test S beginning at that position. | With optional end, stop comparing S at that position. | suffix can also be a tuple of strings to try. | | expandtabs(...) | S.expandtabs([tabsize]) -> string | | Return a copy of S where all tab characters are expanded using spaces. | If tabsize is not given, a tab size of 8 characters is assumed. | | find(...) | S.find(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int | | Return the lowest index in S where substring sub is found, | such that sub is contained within s[start:end]. Optional | arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation. | | Return -1 on failure. | | format(...) | S.format(*args, **kwargs) -> unicode | | index(...) | S.index(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int | | Like S.find() but raise ValueError when the substring is not found. | | isalnum(...) | S.isalnum() -> bool | | Return True if all characters in S are alphanumeric | and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise. | | isalpha(...) | S.isalpha() -> bool | | Return True if all characters in S are alphabetic | and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise. | | isdigit(...) | S.isdigit() -> bool | | Return True if all characters in S are digits | and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise. | | islower(...) | S.islower() -> bool | | Return True if all cased characters in S are lowercase and there is | at least one cased character in S, False otherwise. | | isspace(...) | S.isspace() -> bool | | Return True if all characters in S are whitespace | and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise. | | istitle(...) | S.istitle() -> bool | | Return True if S is a titlecased string and there is at least one | character in S, i.e. uppercase characters may only follow uncased | characters and lowercase characters only cased ones. Return False | otherwise. | | isupper(...) | S.isupper() -> bool | | Return True if all cased characters in S are uppercase and there is | at least one cased character in S, False otherwise. | | join(...) | S.join(iterable) -> string | | Return a string which is the concatenation of the strings in the | iterable. The separator between elements is S. | | ljust(...) | S.ljust(width[, fillchar]) -> string | | Return S left-justified in a string of length width. Padding is | done using the specified fill character (default is a space). | | lower(...) | S.lower() -> string | | Return a copy of the string S converted to lowercase. | | lstrip(...) | S.lstrip([chars]) -> string or unicode | | Return a copy of the string S with leading whitespace removed. | If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead. | If chars is unicode, S will be converted to unicode before stripping | | partition(...) | S.partition(sep) -> (head, sep, tail) | | Search for the separator sep in S, and return the part before it, | the separator itself, and the part after it. If the separator is not | found, return S and two empty strings. | | replace(...) | S.replace (old, new[, count]) -> string | | Return a copy of string S with all occurrences of substring | old replaced by new. If the optional argument count is | given, only the first count occurrences are replaced. | | rfind(...) | S.rfind(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int | | Return the highest index in S where substring sub is found, | such that sub is contained within s[start:end]. Optional | arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation. | | Return -1 on failure. | | rindex(...) | S.rindex(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int | | Like S.rfind() but raise ValueError when the substring is not found. | | rjust(...) | S.rjust(width[, fillchar]) -> string | | Return S right-justified in a string of length width. Padding is | done using the specified fill character (default is a space) | | rpartition(...) | S.rpartition(sep) -> (head, sep, tail) | | Search for the separator sep in S, starting at the end of S, and return | the part before it, the separator itself, and the part after it. If the | separator is not found, return two empty strings and S. | | rsplit(...) | S.rsplit([sep [,maxsplit]]) -> list of strings | | Return a list of the words in the string S, using sep as the | delimiter string, starting at the end of the string and working | to the front. If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit splits are | done. If sep is not specified or is None, any whitespace string | is a separator. | | rstrip(...) | S.rstrip([chars]) -> string or unicode | | Return a copy of the string S with trailing whitespace removed. | If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead. | If chars is unicode, S will be converted to unicode before stripping | | split(...) | S.split([sep [,maxsplit]]) -> list of strings | | Return a list of the words in the string S, using sep as the | delimiter string. If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit | splits are done. If sep is not specified or is None, any | whitespace string is a separator and empty strings are removed | from the result. | | splitlines(...) | S.splitlines([keepends]) -> list of strings | | Return a list of the lines in S, breaking at line boundaries. | Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends | is given and true. | | startswith(...) | S.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]]) -> bool | | Return True if S starts with the specified prefix, False otherwise. | With optional start, test S beginning at that position. | With optional end, stop comparing S at that position. | prefix can also be a tuple of strings to try. | | strip(...) | S.strip([chars]) -> string or unicode | | Return a copy of the string S with leading and trailing | whitespace removed. | If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead. | If chars is unicode, S will be converted to unicode before stripping | | swapcase(...) | S.swapcase() -> string | | Return a copy of the string S with uppercase characters | converted to lowercase and vice versa. | | title(...) | S.title() -> string | | Return a titlecased version of S, i.e. words start with uppercase | characters, all remaining cased characters have lowercase. | | translate(...) | S.translate(table [,deletechars]) -> string | | Return a copy of the string S, where all characters occurring | in the optional argument deletechars are removed, and the | remaining characters have been mapped through the given | translation table, which must be a string of length 256. | | upper(...) | S.upper() -> string | | Return a copy of the string S converted to uppercase. | | zfill(...) | S.zfill(width) -> string | | Pad a numeric string S with zeros on the left, to fill a field | of the specified width. The string S is never truncated. | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data and other attributes defined here: | | __new__ = | T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T class super(object) | super(type) -> unbound super object | super(type, obj) -> bound super object; requires isinstance(obj, type) | super(type, type2) -> bound super object; requires issubclass(type2, type) | Typical use to call a cooperative superclass method: | class C(B): | def meth(self, arg): | super(C, self).meth(arg) | | Methods defined here: | | __get__(...) | descr.__get__(obj[, type]) -> value | | __getattribute__(...) | x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name | | __init__(...) | x.__init__(...) initializes x; see x.__class__.__doc__ for signature | | __repr__(...) | x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data descriptors defined here: | | __self__ | the instance invoking super(); may be None | | __self_class__ | the type of the instance invoking super(); may be None | | __thisclass__ | the class invoking super() | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data and other attributes defined here: | | __new__ = | T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T class tuple(object) | tuple() -> empty tuple | tuple(iterable) -> tuple initialized from iterable's items | | If the argument is a tuple, the return value is the same object. | | Methods defined here: | | __add__(...) | x.__add__(y) <==> x+y | | __contains__(...) | x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x | | __eq__(...) | x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y | | __ge__(...) | x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y | | __getattribute__(...) | x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name | | __getitem__(...) | x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] | | __getnewargs__(...) | | __getslice__(...) | x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j] | | Use of negative indices is not supported. | | __gt__(...) | x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y | | __hash__(...) | x.__hash__() <==> hash(x) | | __iter__(...) | x.__iter__() <==> iter(x) | | __le__(...) | x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y | | __len__(...) | x.__len__() <==> len(x) | | __lt__(...) | x.__lt__(y) <==> x x*n | | __ne__(...) | x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y | | __repr__(...) | x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) | | __rmul__(...) | x.__rmul__(n) <==> n*x | | __sizeof__(...) | T.__sizeof__() -- size of T in memory, in bytes | | count(...) | T.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value | | index(...) | T.index(value, [start, [stop]]) -> integer -- return first index of value. | Raises ValueError if the value is not present. | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data and other attributes defined here: | | __new__ = | T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T class type(object) | type(object) -> the object's type | type(name, bases, dict) -> a new type | | Methods defined here: | | __call__(...) | x.__call__(...) <==> x(...) | | __delattr__(...) | x.__delattr__('name') <==> del x.name | | __eq__(...) | x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y | | __ge__(...) | x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y | | __getattribute__(...) | x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name | | __gt__(...) | x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y | | __hash__(...) | x.__hash__() <==> hash(x) | | __init__(...) | x.__init__(...) initializes x; see x.__class__.__doc__ for signature | | __le__(...) | x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y | | __lt__(...) | x.__lt__(y) <==> x x!=y | | __repr__(...) | x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) | | __setattr__(...) | x.__setattr__('name', value) <==> x.name = value | | __subclasses__(...) | __subclasses__() -> list of immediate subclasses | | mro(...) | mro() -> list | return a type's method resolution order | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data descriptors defined here: | | __abstractmethods__ | | __base__ | | __bases__ | | __basicsize__ | | __dict__ | | __dictoffset__ | | __flags__ | | __instancecheck__ | | __itemsize__ | | __mro__ | | __subclasscheck__ | | __weakrefoffset__ | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data and other attributes defined here: | | __new__ = | T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T class unicode(basestring) | unicode(string [, encoding[, errors]]) -> object | | Create a new Unicode object from the given encoded string. | encoding defaults to the current default string encoding. | errors can be 'strict', 'replace' or 'ignore' and defaults to 'strict'. | | Method resolution order: | unicode | basestring | object | | Methods defined here: | | __add__(...) | x.__add__(y) <==> x+y | | __contains__(...) | x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x | | __eq__(...) | x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y | | __format__(...) | S.__format__(format_spec) -> unicode | | __ge__(...) | x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y | | __getattribute__(...) | x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name | | __getitem__(...) | x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] | | __getnewargs__(...) | | __getslice__(...) | x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j] | | Use of negative indices is not supported. | | __gt__(...) | x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y | | __hash__(...) | x.__hash__() <==> hash(x) | | __le__(...) | x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y | | __len__(...) | x.__len__() <==> len(x) | | __lt__(...) | x.__lt__(y) <==> x x%y | | __mul__(...) | x.__mul__(n) <==> x*n | | __ne__(...) | x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y | | __repr__(...) | x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) | | __rmod__(...) | x.__rmod__(y) <==> y%x | | __rmul__(...) | x.__rmul__(n) <==> n*x | | __sizeof__(...) | S.__sizeof__() -> size of S in memory, in bytes | | __str__(...) | x.__str__() <==> str(x) | | capitalize(...) | S.capitalize() -> unicode | | Return a capitalized version of S, i.e. make the first character | have upper case. | | center(...) | S.center(width[, fillchar]) -> unicode | | Return S centered in a Unicode string of length width. Padding is | done using the specified fill character (default is a space) | | count(...) | S.count(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int | | Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of substring sub in | Unicode string S[start:end]. Optional arguments start and end are | interpreted as in slice notation. | | decode(...) | S.decode([encoding[,errors]]) -> string or unicode | | Decodes S using the codec registered for encoding. encoding defaults | to the default encoding. errors may be given to set a different error | handling scheme. Default is 'strict' meaning that encoding errors raise | a UnicodeDecodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore' and 'replace' | as well as any other name registerd with codecs.register_error that is | able to handle UnicodeDecodeErrors. | | encode(...) | S.encode([encoding[,errors]]) -> string or unicode | | Encodes S using the codec registered for encoding. encoding defaults | to the default encoding. errors may be given to set a different error | handling scheme. Default is 'strict' meaning that encoding errors raise | a UnicodeEncodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore', 'replace' and | 'xmlcharrefreplace' as well as any other name registered with | codecs.register_error that can handle UnicodeEncodeErrors. | | endswith(...) | S.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]]) -> bool | | Return True if S ends with the specified suffix, False otherwise. | With optional start, test S beginning at that position. | With optional end, stop comparing S at that position. | suffix can also be a tuple of strings to try. | | expandtabs(...) | S.expandtabs([tabsize]) -> unicode | | Return a copy of S where all tab characters are expanded using spaces. | If tabsize is not given, a tab size of 8 characters is assumed. | | find(...) | S.find(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int | | Return the lowest index in S where substring sub is found, | such that sub is contained within s[start:end]. Optional | arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation. | | Return -1 on failure. | | format(...) | S.format(*args, **kwargs) -> unicode | | index(...) | S.index(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int | | Like S.find() but raise ValueError when the substring is not found. | | isalnum(...) | S.isalnum() -> bool | | Return True if all characters in S are alphanumeric | and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise. | | isalpha(...) | S.isalpha() -> bool | | Return True if all characters in S are alphabetic | and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise. | | isdecimal(...) | S.isdecimal() -> bool | | Return True if there are only decimal characters in S, | False otherwise. | | isdigit(...) | S.isdigit() -> bool | | Return True if all characters in S are digits | and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise. | | islower(...) | S.islower() -> bool | | Return True if all cased characters in S are lowercase and there is | at least one cased character in S, False otherwise. | | isnumeric(...) | S.isnumeric() -> bool | | Return True if there are only numeric characters in S, | False otherwise. | | isspace(...) | S.isspace() -> bool | | Return True if all characters in S are whitespace | and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise. | | istitle(...) | S.istitle() -> bool | | Return True if S is a titlecased string and there is at least one | character in S, i.e. upper- and titlecase characters may only | follow uncased characters and lowercase characters only cased ones. | Return False otherwise. | | isupper(...) | S.isupper() -> bool | | Return True if all cased characters in S are uppercase and there is | at least one cased character in S, False otherwise. | | join(...) | S.join(iterable) -> unicode | | Return a string which is the concatenation of the strings in the | iterable. The separator between elements is S. | | ljust(...) | S.ljust(width[, fillchar]) -> int | | Return S left-justified in a Unicode string of length width. Padding is | done using the specified fill character (default is a space). | | lower(...) | S.lower() -> unicode | | Return a copy of the string S converted to lowercase. | | lstrip(...) | S.lstrip([chars]) -> unicode | | Return a copy of the string S with leading whitespace removed. | If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead. | If chars is a str, it will be converted to unicode before stripping | | partition(...) | S.partition(sep) -> (head, sep, tail) | | Search for the separator sep in S, and return the part before it, | the separator itself, and the part after it. If the separator is not | found, return S and two empty strings. | | replace(...) | S.replace (old, new[, count]) -> unicode | | Return a copy of S with all occurrences of substring | old replaced by new. If the optional argument count is | given, only the first count occurrences are replaced. | | rfind(...) | S.rfind(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int | | Return the highest index in S where substring sub is found, | such that sub is contained within s[start:end]. Optional | arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation. | | Return -1 on failure. | | rindex(...) | S.rindex(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int | | Like S.rfind() but raise ValueError when the substring is not found. | | rjust(...) | S.rjust(width[, fillchar]) -> unicode | | Return S right-justified in a Unicode string of length width. Padding is | done using the specified fill character (default is a space). | | rpartition(...) | S.rpartition(sep) -> (head, sep, tail) | | Search for the separator sep in S, starting at the end of S, and return | the part before it, the separator itself, and the part after it. If the | separator is not found, return two empty strings and S. | | rsplit(...) | S.rsplit([sep [,maxsplit]]) -> list of strings | | Return a list of the words in S, using sep as the | delimiter string, starting at the end of the string and | working to the front. If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit | splits are done. If sep is not specified, any whitespace string | is a separator. | | rstrip(...) | S.rstrip([chars]) -> unicode | | Return a copy of the string S with trailing whitespace removed. | If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead. | If chars is a str, it will be converted to unicode before stripping | | split(...) | S.split([sep [,maxsplit]]) -> list of strings | | Return a list of the words in S, using sep as the | delimiter string. If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit | splits are done. If sep is not specified or is None, any | whitespace string is a separator and empty strings are | removed from the result. | | splitlines(...) | S.splitlines([keepends]) -> list of strings | | Return a list of the lines in S, breaking at line boundaries. | Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends | is given and true. | | startswith(...) | S.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]]) -> bool | | Return True if S starts with the specified prefix, False otherwise. | With optional start, test S beginning at that position. | With optional end, stop comparing S at that position. | prefix can also be a tuple of strings to try. | | strip(...) | S.strip([chars]) -> unicode | | Return a copy of the string S with leading and trailing | whitespace removed. | If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead. | If chars is a str, it will be converted to unicode before stripping | | swapcase(...) | S.swapcase() -> unicode | | Return a copy of S with uppercase characters converted to lowercase | and vice versa. | | title(...) | S.title() -> unicode | | Return a titlecased version of S, i.e. words start with title case | characters, all remaining cased characters have lower case. | | translate(...) | S.translate(table) -> unicode | | Return a copy of the string S, where all characters have been mapped | through the given translation table, which must be a mapping of | Unicode ordinals to Unicode ordinals, Unicode strings or None. | Unmapped characters are left untouched. Characters mapped to None | are deleted. | | upper(...) | S.upper() -> unicode | | Return a copy of S converted to uppercase. | | zfill(...) | S.zfill(width) -> unicode | | Pad a numeric string S with zeros on the left, to fill a field | of the specified width. The string S is never truncated. | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data and other attributes defined here: | | __new__ = | T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T class xrange(object) | xrange([start,] stop[, step]) -> xrange object | | Like range(), but instead of returning a list, returns an object that | generates the numbers in the range on demand. For looping, this is | slightly faster than range() and more memory efficient. | | Methods defined here: | | __getattribute__(...) | x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name | | __getitem__(...) | x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] | | __iter__(...) | x.__iter__() <==> iter(x) | | __len__(...) | x.__len__() <==> len(x) | | __reduce__(...) | | __repr__(...) | x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) | | __rever) d__(...) | Returns a reverse iterator. | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data and other attributes defined here: | | __new__ = | T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T FUNCTIONS __import__(...) __import__(name, globals={}, locals={}, fromlist=[], level=-1) -> module Import a module. The globals are only used to determine the context; they are not modified. The locals are currently unused. The fromlist should be a list of names to emulate ``from name import ...'', or an empty list to emulate ``import name''. When importing a module from a package, note that __import__('A.B', ...) returns package A when fromlist is empty, but its submodule B when fromlist is not empty. Level is used to determine whether to perform absolute or relative imports. -1 is the original strategy of attempting both absolute and relative imports, 0 is absolute, a positive number is the number of parent directories to search relative to the current module. abs(...) abs(number) -> number Return the absolute value of the argument. all(...) all(iterable) -> bool Return True if bool(x) is True for all values x in the iterable. any(...) any(iterable) -> bool Return True if bool(x) is True for any x in the iterable. apply(...) apply(object[, args[, kwargs]]) -> value Call a callable object with positional arguments taken from the tuple args, and keyword arguments taken from the optional dictionary kwargs. Note that classes are callable, as are instances with a __call__() method. Deprecated since release 2.3. Instead, use the extended call syntax: function(*args, **keywords). bin(...) bin(number) -> string Return the binary representation of an integer or long integer. callable(...) callable(object) -> bool Return whether the object is callable (i.e., some kind of function). Note that classes are callable, as are instances with a __call__() method. chr(...) chr(i) -> character Return a string of one character with ordinal i; 0 <= i < 256. cmp(...) cmp(x, y) -> integer Return negative if xy. coerce(...) coerce(x, y) -> (x1, y1) Return a tuple consisting of the two numeric arguments converted to a common type, using the same rules as used by arithmetic operations. If coercion is not possible, raise TypeError. compile(...) compile(source, filename, mode[, flags[, dont_inherit]]) -> code object Compile the source string (a Python module, statement or expression) into a code object that can be executed by the exec statement or eval(). The filename will be used for run-time error messages. The mode must be 'exec' to compile a module, 'single' to compile a single (interactive) statement, or 'eval' to compile an expression. The flags argument, if present, controls which future statements influence the compilation of the code. The dont_inherit argument, if non-zero, stops the compilation inheriting the effects of any future statements in effect in the code calling compile; if absent or zero these statements do influence the compilation, in addition to any features explicitly specified. delattr(...) delattr(object, name) Delete a named attribute on an object; delattr(x, 'y') is equivalent to ``del x.y''. dir(...) dir([object]) -> list of strings If called without an argument, return the names in the current scope. Else, return an alphabetized list of names comprising (some of) the attributes of the given object, and of attributes reachable from it. If the object supplies a method named __dir__, it will be used; otherwise the default dir() logic is used and returns: for a module object: the module's attributes. for a class object: its attributes, and recursively the attributes of its bases. for any other object: its attributes, its class's attributes, and recursively the attributes of its class's base classes. divmod(...) divmod(x, y) -> (div, mod) Return the tuple ((x-x%y)/y, x%y). Invariant: div*y + mod == x. eval(...) eval(source[, globals[, locals]]) -> value Evaluate the source in the context of globals and locals. The source may be a string representing a Python expression or a code object as returned by compile(). The globals must be a dictionary and locals can be any mapping, defaulting to the current globals and locals. If only globals is given, locals defaults to it. execfile(...) execfile(filename[, globals[, locals]]) Read and execute a Python script from a file. The globals and locals are dictionaries, defaulting to the current globals and locals. If only globals is given, locals defaults to it. filter(...) filter(function or None, sequence) -> list, tuple, or string Return those items of sequence for which function(item) is true. If function is None, return the items that are true. If sequence is a tuple or string, return the same type, else return a list. format(...) format(value[, format_spec]) -> string Returns value.__format__(format_spec) format_spec defaults to "" getattr(...) getattr(object, name[, default]) -> value Get a named attribute from an object; getattr(x, 'y') is equivalent to x.y. When a default argument is given, it is returned when the attribute doesn't exist; without it, an exception is raised in that case. globals(...) globals() -> dictionary Return the dictionary containing the current scope's global variables. hasattr(...) hasattr(object, name) -> bool Return whether the object has an attribute with the given name. (This is done by calling getattr(object, name) and catching exceptions.) hash(...) hash(object) -> integer Return a hash value for the object. Two objects with the same value have the same hash value. The reverse is not necessarily true, but likely. hex(...) hex(number) -> string Return the hexadecimal representation of an integer or long integer. id(...) id(object) -> integer Return the identity of an object. Thi iis guaranteed to be unique among simultaneously existing objects. (Hint: it's the object's memory address.) input(...) input([prompt]) -> value Equivalent to eval(raw_input(prompt)). intern(...) intern(string) -> string ``Intern'' the given string. This enters the string in the (global) table of interned strings whose purpose is to speed up dictionary lookups. Return the string itself or the previously interned string object with the same value. isinstance(...) isinstance(object, class-or-type-or-tuple) -> bool Return whether an object is an instance of a class or of a subclass thereof. With a type as second argument, return whether that is the object's type. The form using a tuple, isinstance(x, (A, B, ...)), is a shortcut for isinstance(x, A) or isinstance(x, B) or ... (etc.). issubclass(...) issubclass(C, B) -> bool Return whether class C is a subclass (i.e., a derived class) of class B. When using a tuple as the second argument issubclass(X, (A, B, ...)), is a shortcut for issubclass(X, A) or issubclass(X, B) or ... (etc.). iter(...) iter(collection) -> iterator iter(callable, sentinel) -> iterator Get an iterator from an object. In the first form, the argument must supply its own iterator, or be a sequence. In the second form, the callable is called until it returns the sentinel. len(...) len(object) -> integer Return the number of items of a sequence or mapping. locals(...) locals() -> dictionary Update and return a dictionary containing the current scope's local variables. map(...) map(function, sequence[, sequence, ...]) -> list Return a list of the results of applying the function to the items of the argument sequence(s). If more than one sequence is given, the function is called with an argument list consisting of the corresponding item of each sequence, substituting None for missing values when not all sequences have the same length. If the function is None, return a list of the items of the sequence (or a list of tuples if more than one sequence). max(...) max(iterable[, key=func]) -> value max(a, b, c, ...[, key=func]) -> value With a single iterable argument, return its largest item. With two or more arguments, return the largest argument. min(...) min(iterable[, key=func]) -> value min(a, b, c, ...[, key=func]) -> value With a single iterable argument, return its smallest item. With two or more arguments, return the smallest argument. next(...) next(iterator[, default]) Return the next item from the iterator. If default is given and the iterator is exhausted, it is returned instead of raising StopIteration. oct(...) oct(number) -> string Return the octal representation of an integer or long integer. open(...) open(name[, mode[, buffering]]) -> file object Open a file using the file() type, returns a file object. This is the preferred way to open a file. ord(...) ord(c) -> integer Return the integer ordinal of a one-character string. pow(...) pow(x, y[, z]) -> number With two arguments, equivalent to x**y. With three arguments, equivalent to (x**y) % z, but may be more efficient (e.g. for longs). print(...) print(value, ..., sep=' ', end='\n', file=sys.stdout) Prints the values to a stream, or to sys.stdout by default. Optional keyword arguments: file: a file-like object (stream); defaults to the current sys.stdout. sep: string inserted between values, default a space. end: string appended after the last value, default a newline. range(...) range([start,] stop[, step]) -> list of integers Return a list containing an arithmetic progression of integers. range(i, j) returns [i, i+1, i+2, ..., j-1]; start (!) defaults to 0. When step is given, it specifies the increment (or decrement). For example, range(4) returns [0, 1, 2, 3]. The end point is omitted! These are exactly the valid indices for a list of 4 elements. raw_input(...) raw_input([prompt]) -> string Read a string from standard input. The trailing newline is stripped. If the user hits EOF (Unix: Ctl-D, Windows: Ctl-Z+Return), raise EOFError. On Unix, GNU readline is used if enabled. The prompt string, if given, is printed without a trailing newline before reading. reduce(...) reduce(function, sequence[, initial]) -> value Apply a function of two arguments cumulatively to the items of a sequence, from left to right, so as to reduce the sequence to a single value. For example, reduce(lambda x, y: x+y, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]) calculates ((((1+2)+3)+4)+5). If initial is present, it is placed before the items of the sequence in the calculation, and serves as a default when the sequence is empty. reload(...) reload(module) -> module Reload the module. The module must have been successfully imported before. repr(...) repr(object) -> string Return the canonical string representation of the object. For most object types, eval(repr(object)) == object. round(...) round(number[, ndigits]) -> floating point number Round a number to a given precision in decimal digits (default 0 digits). This always returns a floating point number. Precision may be negative. setattr(...) setattr(object, name, value) Set a named attribute on an object; setattr(x, 'y', v) is equivalent to ``x.y = v''. sorted(...) sorted(iterable, cmp=None, key=None, reverse=False) --> new sorted list sum(...) sum(sequence[, start]) -> value Returns the sum of a sequence of numbers (NOT strings) plus the value of parameter 'start' (which defaults to 0). When the sequence is empty, returns start. unichr(...) unichr(i) -> Unicode character Return a Unicode string of one character with ordinal i; 0 <= i <= 0x10ffff. vars(...) vars([object]) -> dictionary Without arguments, equivalent to locals(). With an argument, equivalent to object.__dict__. zip(...) zip(seq1 [, seq2 [...]]) -> [(seq1[0], seq2[0] ...), (...)] Return a list of tuples, where each tuple contains the i-th element from each of the argument sequences. The returned list is truncated in length to the length of the shortest argument sequence. DATA Ellipsis = Ellipsis False = False None = None NotImplemented = NotImplemented True = True __debug__ = True copyright = Copyright (c) 2001-2010 Python Software Foundati...ematisc... credits = Thanks to CWI, CNRI, BeOpen.com, Zope Corpor...opment. ... exit = Use exit() or Ctrl-D (i.e. EOF) to exit help = Type help() for interactive help, or help(object) for help abou... license = Type license() to see the full license text quit = Use quit() or Ctrl-D (i.e. EOF) to exit >>> import stats1 >>> help(stats1) Help on module stats1: NAME stats1 - Statistical functions from day 1 of BMS270 FILE /home/karmic/Projects/Courses/BmsMinicourse/examples2/stats1.py FUNCTIONS mean(x) Return the mean (average) of a list of values. pearson(x, y) Return the correlation coefficient (Pearson's r) for two lists of values. stdev(x) Return the (sample) standard deviation of a list of values. >>> fp = open("supp2data.tdt") >>> data = fp.read(50) >>> data 'ORF\tNAME\talpha 0\talpha 7\talpha 14\talpha 21\talpha 2' >>> data = fp.read(50) >>> data '8\talpha 35\talpha 42\talpha 49\talpha 56\talpha 63\talp' >>> data = fp.read(100) >>> data 'ha 70\talpha 77\talpha 84\talpha 91\talpha 98\talpha 105\talpha 112\talpha 119\tElu 0\tElu 30\tElu 60\tElu 90\tE' >>> fp = open("supp2data.tdt") >>> data = fp.read(1000) >>> data 'ORF\tNAME\talpha 0\talpha 7\talpha 14\talpha 21\talpha 28\talpha 35\talpha 42\talpha 49\talpha 56\talpha 63\talpha 70\talpha 77\talpha 84\talpha 91\talpha 98\talpha 105\talpha 112\talpha 119\tElu 0\tElu 30\tElu 60\tElu 90\tElu 120\tElu 150\tElu 180\tElu 210\tElu 240\tElu 270\tElu 300\tElu 330\tElu 360\tElu 390\tcdc15 10\tcdc15 30\tcdc15 50\tcdc15 70\tcdc15 90\tcdc15 110\tcdc15 130\tcdc15 150\tcdc15 170\tcdc15 190\tcdc15 210\tcdc15 230\tcdc15 250\tcdc15 270\tcdc15 290\tspo 0\tspo 2\tspo 5\tspo 7\tspo 9\tspo 11\tspo5 2\tspo5 7\tspo5 11\tspo- early\tspo- mid\theat 0\theat 10\theat 20\theat 40\theat 80\theat 160\tdtt 15\tdtt 30\tdtt 60\tdtt 120\tcold 0\tcold 20\tcold 40\tcold 160\tdiau a\tdiau b\tdiau c\tdiau d\tdiau e\tdiau f\tdiau g\nYBR166C\tTYR1 TYROSINE BIOSYNTHESIS PREPHENATE DEHYDROGENASE (NADP+\t0.33\t-0.17\t0.04\t-0.07\t-0.09\t-0.12\t-0.03\t-0.2\t-0.06\t-0.06\t-0.14\t-0.18\t-0.06\t-0.25\t0.06\t-0.12\t0.25\t0.43\t0.21\t-0.04\t-0.15\t-0.04\t0.21\t-0.14\t-0.03\t-0.07\t-0.36\t-0.14\t-0.42\t-0.34\t-0.23\t-0.17\t0.23\t0.3\t0.41\t-0.07\t-0.23\t-0.12\t0.16\t0.74\t0.14\t-0.49\t-0.32\t0.19\t0.23\t0.24\t0.28\t1.13' >>> fp = open("supp2data.tdt") >>> data = fp.readline() >>> data 'ORF\tNAME\talpha 0\talpha 7\talpha 14\talpha 21\talpha 28\talpha 35\talpha 42\talpha 49\talpha 56\talpha 63\talpha 70\talpha 77\talpha 84\talpha 91\talpha 98\talpha 105\talpha 112\talpha 119\tElu 0\tElu 30\tElu 60\tElu 90\tElu 120\tElu 150\tElu 180\tElu 210\tElu 240\tElu 270\tElu 300\tElu 330\tElu 360\tElu 390\tcdc15 10\tcdc15 30\tcdc15 50\tcdc15 70\tcdc15 90\tcdc15 110\tcdc15 130\tcdc15 150\tcdc15 170\tcdc15 190\tcdc15 210\tcdc15 230\tcdc15 250\tcdc15 270\tcdc15 290\tspo 0\tspo 2\tspo 5\tspo 7\tspo 9\tspo 11\tspo5 2\tspo5 7\tspo5 11\tspo- early\tspo- mid\theat 0\theat 10\theat 20\theat 40\theat 80\theat 160\tdtt 15\tdtt 30\tdtt 60\tdtt 120\tcold 0\tcold 20\tcold 40\tcold 160\tdiau a\tdiau b\tdiau c\tdiau d\tdiau e\tdiau f\tdiau g\n' >>> help(fp.readline) Help on built-in function readline: readline(...) readline([size]) -> next line from the file, as a string. Retain newline. A non-negative size argument limits the maximum number of bytes to return (an incomplete line may be returned then). Return an empty string at EOF. >>> fp.readline >>> dir(fp) ['__class__', '__delattr__', '__doc__', '__enter__', '__exit__', '__format__', '__getattribute__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__iter__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', 'close', 'closed', 'encoding', 'errors', 'fileno', 'flush', 'isatty', 'mode', 'name', 'newlines', 'next', 'read', 'readinto', 'readline', 'readlines', 'seek', 'softspace', 'tell', 'truncate', 'write', 'writelines', 'xreadlines'] >>> fp.__class__ >>> help(fp.__class__) Help on class file in module __builtin__: class file(object) | file(name[, mode[, buffering]]) -> file object | | Open a file. The mode can be 'r', 'w' or 'a' for reading (default), | writing or appending. The file will be created if it doesn't exist | when opened for writing or appending; it will be truncated when | opened for writing. Add a 'b' to the mode for binary files. | Add a '+' to the mode to allow simultaneous reading and writing. | If the buffering argument is given, 0 means unbuffered, 1 means line | buffered, and larger numbers specify the buffer size. The preferred way | to open a file is with the builtin open() function. | Add a 'U' to mode to open the file for input with universal newline | support. Any line ending in the input file will be seen as a '\n' | in Python. Also, a file so opened gains the attribute 'newlines'; | the value for this attribute is one of None (no newline read yet), | '\r', '\n', '\r\n' or a tuple containing all the newline types seen. | | 'U' cannot be combined with 'w' or '+' mode. | | Methods defined here: | | __delattr__(...) | x.__delattr__('name') <==> del x.name | | __enter__(...) | __enter__() -> self. | | __exit__(...) | __exit__(*excinfo) -> None. Closes the file. | | __getattribute__(...) | x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name | | __init__(...) | x.__init__(...) initializes x; see x.__class__.__doc__ for signature | | __iter__(...) | x.__iter__() <==> iter(x) | | __repr__(...) | x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) | | __setattr__(...) | x.__setattr__('name', value) <==> x.name = value | | close(...) | close() -> None or (perhaps) an integer. Close the file. | | Sets data attribute .closed to True. A closed file cannot be used for | further I/O operations. close() may be called more than once without | error. Some kinds of file objects (for example, opened by popen()) | may return an exit status upon closing. | | fileno(...) | fileno() -> integer "file descriptor". | | This is needed for lower-level file interfaces, such os.read(). | | flush(...) | flush() -> None. Flush the internal I/O buffer. | | isatty(...) | isatty() -> true or false. True if the file is connected to a tty device. | | next(...) | x.next() -> the next value, or raise StopIteration | | read(...) | read([size]) -> read at most size bytes, returned as a string. | | If the size argument is negative or omitted, read until EOF is reached. | Notice that when in non-blocking mode, less data than what was requested | may be returned, even if no size parameter was given. | | readinto(...) | readinto() -> Undocumented. Don't use this; it may go away. | | readline(...) | readline([size]) -> next line from the file, as a string. | | Retain newline. A non-negative size argument limits the maximum | number of bytes to return (an incomplete line may be returned then). | Return an empty string at EOF. | | readlines(...) | readlines([size]) -> list of strings, each a line from the file. | | Call readline() repeatedly and return a list of the lines so read. | The optional size argument, if given, is an approximate bound on the | total number of bytes in the lines returned. | | seek(...) | seek(offset[, whence]) -> None. Move to new file position. | | Argument offset is a byte count. Optional argument whence defaults to | 0 (offset from start of file, offset should be >= 0); other values are 1 | (move relative to current position, positive or negative), and 2 (move | relative to end of file, usually negative, although many platforms allow | seeking beyond the end of a file). If the file is opened in text mode, | only offsets returned by tell() are legal. Use of other offsets causes | undefined behavior. | Note that not all file objects are seekable. | | tell(...) | tell() -> current file position, an integer (may be a long integer). | | truncate(...) | truncate([size]) -> None. Truncate the file to at most size bytes. | | Size defaults to the current file position, as returned by tell(). | | write(...) | write(str) -> None. Write string str to file. | | Note that due to buffering, flush() or close() may be needed before | the file on disk reflects the data written. | | writelines(...) | writelines(sequence_of_strings) -> None. Write the strings to the file. | | Note that newlines are not added. The sequence can be any iterable object | producing strings. This is equivalent to calling write() for each string. | | xreadlines(...) | xreadlines() -> returns self. | | For backward compatibility. File objects now include the performance | optimizations previously implemented in the xreadlines module. | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data descriptors defined here: | | closed | True if the file is closed | | encoding | file encoding | | errors | Unicode error handler | | mode | file mode ('r', 'U', 'w', 'a', possibly with 'b' or '+' added) | | name | file name | | newlines | end-of-line convention used in this file | | softspace | flag indicating that a space needs to be printed; used by print | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data and other attributes defined here: | | __new__ = | T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T >>> | SyntaxError: invalid syntax >>> >>> s = "ATGC" >>> s.__class__ >>> help(fp.readline) Help on built-in function readline: readline(...) readline([size]) -> next line from the file, as a string. Retain newline. A non-negative size argument limits the maximum number of bytes to return (an incomplete line may be returned then). Return an empty string at EOF. >>> for line in fp: print line # Full contents of the supp2data.tdt removed for brevity -- Mark >>> fp.close() >>> fp = open("supp2data.tdt") >>> data = fp.readlines() >>> data[0] 'ORF\tNAME\talpha 0\talpha 7\talpha 14\talpha 21\talpha 28\talpha 35\talpha 42\talpha 49\talpha 56\talpha 63\talpha 70\talpha 77\talpha 84\talpha 91\talpha 98\talpha 105\talpha 112\talpha 119\tElu 0\tElu 30\tElu 60\tElu 90\tElu 120\tElu 150\tElu 180\tElu 210\tElu 240\tElu 270\tElu 300\tElu 330\tElu 360\tElu 390\tcdc15 10\tcdc15 30\tcdc15 50\tcdc15 70\tcdc15 90\tcdc15 110\tcdc15 130\tcdc15 150\tcdc15 170\tcdc15 190\tcdc15 210\tcdc15 230\tcdc15 250\tcdc15 270\tcdc15 290\tspo 0\tspo 2\tspo 5\tspo 7\tspo 9\tspo 11\tspo5 2\tspo5 7\tspo5 11\tspo- early\tspo- mid\theat 0\theat 10\theat 20\theat 40\theat 80\theat 160\tdtt 15\tdtt 30\tdtt 60\tdtt 120\tcold 0\tcold 20\tcold 40\tcold 160\tdiau a\tdiau b\tdiau c\tdiau d\tdiau e\tdiau f\tdiau g\n' >>> data[-1] 'YLR160C\tASP3 ASPARAGINE UTILIZATION L-ASPARAGINASE II\t0.07\t-0.04\t0.12\t-0.1\t0.06\t-0.32\t0.21\t-0.25\t-0.17\t-0.29\t-0.42\t-0.36\t0.23\t-0.32\t0.16\t-0.54\t0.38\t-0.22\t0.49\t-0.18\t-0.09\t-0.49\t-0.15\t0.08\t0.11\t0.28\t0.34\t0.23\t-0.01\t0.15\t0.04\t0.14\t-0.18\t-0.47\t-0.1\t0.37\t0.62\t0.34\t0.32\t0.46\t0.04\t0.4\t0.48\t-1.25\t0.18\t0.11\t0.21\t1.11\t-0.6\t-0.92\t-0.58\t-0.42\t-0.81\t0.06\t0.03\t0.08\t0.21\t-0.42\t0.14\t0.3\t-0.23\t-0.42\t-0.06\t0.78\t0.56\t-0.3\t0.06\t0.33\t-0.38\t-0.17\t-0.25\t-0.38\t-0.27\t-0.25\t0.28\t0.1\t0.28\t0.41\t-0.1\n' >>> data[0].split() ['ORF', 'NAME', 'alpha', '0', 'alpha', '7', 'alpha', '14', 'alpha', '21', 'alpha', '28', 'alpha', '35', 'alpha', '42', 'alpha', '49', 'alpha', '56', 'alpha', '63', 'alpha', '70', 'alpha', '77', 'alpha', '84', 'alpha', '91', 'alpha', '98', 'alpha', '105', 'alpha', '112', 'alpha', '119', 'Elu', '0', 'Elu', '30', 'Elu', '60', 'Elu', '90', 'Elu', '120', 'Elu', '150', 'Elu', '180', 'Elu', '210', 'Elu', '240', 'Elu', '270', 'Elu', '300', 'Elu', '330', 'Elu', '360', 'Elu', '390', 'cdc15', '10', 'cdc15', '30', 'cdc15', '50', 'cdc15', '70', 'cdc15', '90', 'cdc15', '110', 'cdc15', '130', 'cdc15', '150', 'cdc15', '170', 'cdc15', '190', 'cdc15', '210', 'cdc15', '230', 'cdc15', '250', 'cdc15', '270', 'cdc15', '290', 'spo', '0', 'spo', '2', 'spo', '5', 'spo', '7', 'spo', '9', 'spo', '11', 'spo5', '2', 'spo5', '7', 'spo5', '11', 'spo-', 'early', 'spo-', 'mid', 'heat', '0', 'heat', '10', 'heat', '20', 'heat', '40', 'heat', '80', 'heat', '160', 'dtt', '15', 'dtt', '30', 'dtt', '60', 'dtt', '120', 'cold', '0', 'cold', '20', 'cold', '40', 'cold', '160', 'diau', 'a', 'diau', 'b', 'diau', 'c', 'diau', 'd', 'diau', 'e', 'diau', 'f', 'diau', 'g'] >>> data[0].split("\t") ['ORF', 'NAME', 'alpha 0', 'alpha 7', 'alpha 14', 'alpha 21', 'alpha 28', 'alpha 35', 'alpha 42', 'alpha 49', 'alpha 56', 'alpha 63', 'alpha 70', 'alpha 77', 'alpha 84', 'alpha 91', 'alpha 98', 'alpha 105', 'alpha 112', 'alpha 119', 'Elu 0', 'Elu 30', 'Elu 60', 'Elu 90', 'Elu 120', 'Elu 150', 'Elu 180', 'Elu 210', 'Elu 240', 'Elu 270', 'Elu 300', 'Elu 330', 'Elu 360', 'Elu 390', 'cdc15 10', 'cdc15 30', 'cdc15 50', 'cdc15 70', 'cdc15 90', 'cdc15 110', 'cdc15 130', 'cdc15 150', 'cdc15 170', 'cdc15 190', 'cdc15 210', 'cdc15 230', 'cdc15 250', 'cdc15 270', 'cdc15 290', 'spo 0', 'spo 2', 'spo 5', 'spo 7', 'spo 9', 'spo 11', 'spo5 2', 'spo5 7', 'spo5 11', 'spo- early', 'spo- mid', 'heat 0', 'heat 10', 'heat 20', 'heat 40', 'heat 80', 'heat 160', 'dtt 15', 'dtt 30', 'dtt 60', 'dtt 120', 'cold 0', 'cold 20', 'cold 40', 'cold 160', 'diau a', 'diau b', 'diau c', 'diau d', 'diau e', 'diau f', 'diau g\n'] >>> data[-1].split() ['YLR160C', 'ASP3', 'ASPARAGINE', 'UTILIZATION', 'L-ASPARAGINASE', 'II', '0.07', '-0.04', '0.12', '-0.1', '0.06', '-0.32', '0.21', '-0.25', '-0.17', '-0.29', '-0.42', '-0.36', '0.23', '-0.32', '0.16', '-0.54', '0.38', '-0.22', '0.49', '-0.18', '-0.09', '-0.49', '-0.15', '0.08', '0.11', '0.28', '0.34', '0.23', '-0.01', '0.15', '0.04', '0.14', '-0.18', '-0.47', '-0.1', '0.37', '0.62', '0.34', '0.32', '0.46', '0.04', '0.4', '0.48', '-1.25', '0.18', '0.11', '0.21', '1.11', '-0.6', '-0.92', '-0.58', '-0.42', '-0.81', '0.06', '0.03', '0.08', '0.21', '-0.42', '0.14', '0.3', '-0.23', '-0.42', '-0.06', '0.78', '0.56', '-0.3', '0.06', '0.33', '-0.38', '-0.17', '-0.25', '-0.38', '-0.27', '-0.25', '0.28', '0.1', '0.28', '0.41', '-0.1'] >>> data[-1].split("\t") ['YLR160C', 'ASP3 ASPARAGINE UTILIZATION L-ASPARAGINASE II', '0.07', '-0.04', '0.12', '-0.1', '0.06', '-0.32', '0.21', '-0.25', '-0.17', '-0.29', '-0.42', '-0.36', '0.23', '-0.32', '0.16', '-0.54', '0.38', '-0.22', '0.49', '-0.18', '-0.09', '-0.49', '-0.15', '0.08', '0.11', '0.28', '0.34', '0.23', '-0.01', '0.15', '0.04', '0.14', '-0.18', '-0.47', '-0.1', '0.37', '0.62', '0.34', '0.32', '0.46', '0.04', '0.4', '0.48', '-1.25', '0.18', '0.11', '0.21', '1.11', '-0.6', '-0.92', '-0.58', '-0.42', '-0.81', '0.06', '0.03', '0.08', '0.21', '-0.42', '0.14', '0.3', '-0.23', '-0.42', '-0.06', '0.78', '0.56', '-0.3', '0.06', '0.33', '-0.38', '-0.17', '-0.25', '-0.38', '-0.27', '-0.25', '0.28', '0.1', '0.28', '0.41', '-0.1\n'] >>> fp = open("test.tdt") >>> data1 = fp.readlines() >>> data1 ['5\t\n', '6\t\n', '7\t\n', '8\t14\n', '9\t5\n', '20\tspam\n', '42\t\n'] >>> fp = open("test.tdt") >>> for i fp: SyntaxError: invalid syntax >>> for i in fp: print line # Full contents of the supp2data.tdt removed for brevity -- Mark >>> data = fp.readlines() >>> data [] >>> fp = open("newdata.tdt","w") >>> fp.write("Hello, world\n") >>> fp.write("1\t24\t75\n") >>> fp.close() >>> import sys >>> sys.path.pwd Traceback (most recent call last): File "", line 1, in sys.path.pwd AttributeError: 'list' object has no attribute 'pwd' >>> dir(sys.path) ['__add__', '__class__', '__contains__', '__delattr__', '__delitem__', '__delslice__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__getitem__', '__getslice__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__iadd__', '__imul__', '__init__', '__iter__', '__le__', '__len__', '__lt__', '__mul__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__reversed__', '__rmul__', '__setattr__', '__setitem__', '__setslice__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', 'append', 'count', 'extend', 'index', 'insert', 'pop', 'remove', 'reverse', 'sort'] >>> import glob >>> glob.glob("*") ['stats1.pyc', 'supp2data.tdt', 'session2.txt', 'test.tdt', 'newdata.tdt', 'stats1.py', 'mean.py', 'stdev.py', 'stats1.py~', 'pearson.py', 'pearson.py~', 'stdev.py~', 'mean.py~', 'explicit_mean.py', 'explicit_mean.py~'] >>> fp = open("/home/karmic/newdata.tdt","w") >>> fp.write("Hello, world\n") >>> fp.write("1\t24\t75\n") >>> fp.close() >>>